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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §1.77.1-1.77.6

Athenian Rule by Law and a Warning to Sparta

Passage 77 of 917 · Greek

Summary

The Athenian envoys point out the paradox that their law-governed rule breeds resentment among allies, and warn the Spartans that if they were to take over the empire, they would soon become equally disliked due to their incompatible customs.

§1.77.1‘καὶ ἐλασσούμενοι γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ξυμβολαίαις πρὸς τοὺς ξυμμάχους δίκαις καὶ παρ’ ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις νόμοις ποιήσαντες τὰς κρίσεις φιλοδικεῖν δοκοῦμεν.
'For even though we disadvantage ourselves in lawsuits with our allies based on treaties and have established trials under equal laws among ourselves, we are still thought to be litigious.
§1.77.2καὶ οὐδεὶς σκοπεῖ αὐτῶν τοῖς καὶ ἄλλοθί που ἀρχὴν ἔχουσι καὶ ἧσσον ἡμῶν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπηκόους μετρίοις οὖσι διότι τοῦτο οὐκ ὀνειδίζεται· βιάζεσθαι γὰρ οἷς ἂν ἐξῇ, δικάζεσθαι οὐδὲν προσδέονται.
And not one of them considers why this is not made a reproach against others who hold empire elsewhere and are less moderate than we are toward their subjects; for those who have the power to use force have no need at all to go to law.
§1.77.3οἱ δὲ εἰθισμένοι πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἴσου ὁμιλεῖν, ἤν τι παρὰ τὸ μὴ οἴεσθαι χρῆναι ἢ γνώμῃ ἢ δυνάμει τῇ διὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ὁπωσοῦν ἐλασσωθῶσιν, οὐ τοῦ πλέονος μὴ στερισκόμενοι χάριν ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἐνδεοῦς χαλεπώτερον φέρουσιν ἢ εἰ ἀπὸ πρώτης ἀποθέμενοι τὸν νόμον φανερῶς ἐπλεονεκτοῦμεν.
But those who are accustomed to associate with us on equal terms, if they are disadvantaged in any way whatsoever—contrary to what they think ought to be—whether by a judicial decision or by the power derived from our empire, do not feel grateful for not being deprived of the greater part, but bear the loss of the smaller portion more resentfully than if we had from the very beginning set aside the law and openly taken advantage of them.
ἐκείνως δὲ οὐδ’ ἂν αὐτοὶ ἀντέλεγον ὡς οὐ χρεὼν τὸν ἥσσω τῷ κρατοῦντι ὑποχωρεῖν.
In that case, not even they themselves would have disputed that the weaker must yield to the conqueror.
§1.77.4ἀδικούμενοί τε, ὡς ἔοικεν, οἱ ἄνθρωποι μᾶλλον ὀργίζονται ἢ βιαζόμενοι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἴσου δοκεῖ πλεονεκτεῖσθαι, τὸ δ’ ἀπὸ τοῦ κρείσσονος καταναγκάζεσθαι.
People, it seems, are more angry when they suffer injustice than when they are subjected to force; for the former appears to be an overreaching by an equal, while the latter is felt as compulsion by a superior.
§1.77.5ὑπὸ γοῦν τοῦ Μήδου δεινότερα τούτων πάσχοντες ἠνείχοντο, ἡ δὲ ἡμετέρα ἀρχὴ χαλεπὴ δοκεῖ εἶναι, εἰκότως· τὸ παρὸν γὰρ αἰεὶ βαρὺ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις.
At any rate, they endured worse treatment than this at the hands of the Mede, yet our rule is thought to be harsh, naturally enough; for the present is always burdensome to subjects.
§1.77.6ὑμεῖς γ’ ἂν οὖν εἰ καθελόντες ἡμᾶς ἄρξαιτε, τάχα ἂν τὴν εὔνοιαν ἣν διὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον δέος εἰλήφατε μεταβάλοιτε, εἴπερ οἷα καὶ τότε πρὸς τὸν Μῆδον δι’ ὀλίγου ἡγησάμενοι ὑπεδείξατε, ὁμοῖα καὶ νῦν γνώσεσθε.
You, at any rate, if you should overthrow us and establish your rule, would quickly lose the goodwill you have gained because of the fear we inspire, if indeed you show now the same character as you displayed when you led for a brief time against the Mede.
ἄμεικτα γὰρ τά τε καθ’ ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς νόμιμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔχετε καὶ προσέτι εἷς ἕκαστος ἐξιὼν οὔτε τούτοις χρῆται οὔθ’ οἷς ἡ ἄλλη Ἑλλὰς νομίζει.
For your own domestic customs are incompatible with those of others, and besides, when any one of you goes abroad, he conforms neither to these nor to those which the rest of Greece recognizes.'

Notes

  1. 1.77.1ἐλασσούμενοι ... δίκαις — The present participle ἐλασσούμενοι means 'disadvantaging ourselves' or 'conceding'. Here it refers to Athens waiving its imperial superiority and putting itself at a disadvantage in treaty-based lawsuits (δίκαις ξυμβολαίαις) with its allies to maintain a semblance of equality.
  2. 1.77.2τοῖς καὶ ἄλλοθί που ἀρχὴν ἔχουσι — The verb σκοπεῖ takes the following indirect question (the διότι clause) as its direct object, while the dative phrase τοῖς...ἔχουσι functions as a dative of reference or interest, meaning 'in the case of those who hold empire elsewhere'.
  3. 1.77.3παρὰ τὸ μὴ οἴεσθαι χρῆναι — The preposition παρὰ with the accusative means 'contrary to'. The articular infinitive clause τὸ μὴ οἴεσθαι χρῆναι means 'what they think ought not to be', expressing that the allies feel disadvantaged whenever anything happens contrary to their subjective expectation of fair treatment.
  4. 1.77.3οὐ τοῦ πλέονος μὴ στερισκόμενοι — The genitive τοῦ πλέονος is a genitive of deprivation governed by the participle στερισκόμενοι. The negative μὴ negates the participle, which, in combination with the main negative οὐ before the whole clause, yields the sense 'they do not feel grateful for NOT being deprived of the greater part'.
  5. 1.77.6ὁμοῖα καὶ νῦν γνώσεσθε — The verb γνώσεσθε is the future of γιγνώσκω, here meaning 'to decide', 'to resolve', or 'to show a certain disposition'. Connected with the relative/demonstrative correlation οἷα ... ὁμοῖα, it refers to Spartans resolving on the same harsh policy they displayed during their brief hegemony after the Persian War.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §1.77.1-1.77.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.77.1-1.77.6

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