[GAIUS libro quarto ad edictum prouinciale. ] §4.7.1.prOmnibus modis proconsul id agit, ne cuius deterior causa fiat ex alieno facto, et cum intellegeret iudiciorum exitum interdum duriorem nobis constitui opposito nobis alio aduersario, in eam quoque rem prospexit, ut si quis alienando rem alium nobis aduersarium suo loco substituerit idque data opera in fraudem nostram fecerit, tanti nobis in factum actione teneatur, quanti nostra intersit alium aduersarium nos non habuisse.
[GAIUS, On the Provincial Edict, Book IV] In every way the proconsul takes care that no one's legal position should be made worse by the act of another; and, since he understood that the outcome of trials is sometimes made more difficult for us when another adversary is set up against us, he also made provision for this case, so that if anyone, by alienating a property, substitutes another adversary in his place for us, and does so deliberately to defraud us, he shall be liable to us in an action on the facts for as much as it was in our interest not to have had another adversary.
§4.7.1.1Itaque si alterius prouinciae hominem aut potentiorem nobis opposuerit aduersarium, tenebitur:
Therefore, if he sets up against us an adversary who is from another province or who is more powerful than we are, he will be liable: