Humanitext Reader

Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §20.1.4.pr

Creation of Hypothec by Consent and Proof by Writing

Passage 2917 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Explains that a hypotheca is contracted by mere agreement regardless of formal words or written documents, which only serve to facilitate proof, drawing an analogy to marriage validly contracted without written instruments.

[GAIUS libro singulari de formula hypothecaria. ] §20.1.4.prContrahitur hypotheca per pactum conuentum, cum quis paciscatur, ut res eius propter aliquam obligationem sint hypothecae nomine obligatae: nec ad rem pertinet, quibus fit uerbis, sicuti est et in his obligationibus quae consensu contrahuntur.
[GAIUS, in the single book on the Hypothecary Formula.] A hypotheca is contracted by agreement, when someone agrees that his property shall be bound under the name of hypotheca on account of some obligation. And it does not matter in what words it is done, just as is the case also in those obligations which are contracted by consent.
et ideo et sine scriptura si conuenit ut hypotheca sit et probari poterit, res obligata erit de qua conueniunt.
And therefore, even without a writing, if it has been agreed that there be a hypotheca and it can be proved, the property concerning which they agree will be bound.
fiunt enim de his scripturae, ut quod actum est per eas facilius probari poterit: et sine his autem ualet quod actum est, si habeat probationem: sicut et nuptiae sunt, licet testationes in scriptis habitae non sunt.
For writings are made concerning these matters so that what has been done may be proved more easily through them; yet even without them, what has been done is valid, if it has proof; just as marriage also is, although no written attestations have been made.

Notes

  1. §20.1.4.prquibus fit uerbis — An indirect question clause acting as the subject of the impersonal expression 'nec ad rem pertinet' (it does not matter), meaning 'by what words it is done'.
  2. §20.1.4.prut quod actum est per eas facilius probari poterit — An 'ut' clause expressing purpose, which unusually employs the future indicative ('poterit') instead of the classical subjunctive. This usage emphasizes the certainty of the outcome or reflects late colloquial grammar.
  3. §20.1.4.prlicet testationes in scriptis habitae non sunt — The concessive conjunction 'licet' (although), which classically takes the subjunctive, is here used with the perfect indicative ('sunt habitae' / 'non sunt'), indicating a post-classical grammatical tendency.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §20.1.4.pr. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:20.1.4.pr

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.