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Seneca the Younger · Hercules §632-716

Departure of Hercules and Theseus' Account of the Underworld

Passage 8 of 15 · Latin

Summary

After Hercules leaves to seek revenge on Lycus, Theseus, at Amphitryon's request, begins to describe the barren and terrifying journey into the underworld starting from Taenarus in Sparta, detailing the personified personages of disaster and the rivers of the dead.

§632auxilia venit? vidit hoc tantum nefas
Does anyone come to aid?
§633defensus orbis? cur diem questu tero?
Has the defended world seen this so great outrage? Why do I waste the day in lamentation?
§634mactetur hostia, hanc ferat virtus notam §635fiatque summus hostis Alcidae Lycus.
Let the victim be slaughtered, let valor bear this mark, and let Lycus become the greatest enemy of Alcides.
§636ad hauriendum sanguinem inimicum feror: §637Theseu, resiste, ne qua vis subita ingruat.
I am carried away to shed hostile blood: Theseus, stay, lest any sudden force should attack.
§638me bella poscunt, differ amplexus, parens, §639coniunxque differ, nuntiet Diti Lycus §640me iam redisse.
War demands me; defer your embraces, father, and defer them, wife; let Lycus announce to Dis that I have already returned.
§640bFlebilem ex oculis fuga, §641regina, vultum, tuque nato sospite §642lacrimas cadentes reprime: si novi Herculem, §643Lycus Creonti debitas poenas dabit,
Banish the mournful look from your eyes, queen, and do you, with your son safe, repress your falling tears: if I know Hercules, Lycus will pay the penalty due to Creon.
§644lentum est dabit: dat; hoc quoque est lentum: dedit.
"He will pay" is slow: he pays; this too is slow: he has paid.
§645Votum secundet qui potest nostrum deus §646rebusque lassis adsit.
May the god who can favor our vow, and be present to our weary affairs.
O magni comes §647magnanime nati. pande virtutum ordinem, §648quam longa maestos ducat ad manes via, §649ut vincla tulerit dura Tartareus canis.
O high-minded companion of my great son, unfold the order of his deeds, how long a way leads to the mournful shades, how the Tartarean dog bore his harsh chains.
§650Memorare cogis acta securae quoque §651horrenda menti.
You compel me to remember deeds that are horrible even to a mind now secure.
vix adhuc certa est fides §652vitalis aurae, torpet acies luminum §653hebetesque visus vix diem insuetum ferunt.
Hardly yet is there sure trust in the vital air; the keenness of my eyes is numb, and my dimmed sight can hardly bear the unaccustomed day.
§654Pervince, Theseu, quicquid alto in pectore §655remanet pavoris neve te fructu optimo §656frauda laborum: quae fuit durum pati,
Overcome, Theseus, whatever fear remains in your deep heart, and do not defraud yourself of the best fruit of your labors: what was hard to endure, is sweet to remember.
§657meminisse dulce est fare casus horridos.
Speak of those horrible events.
§658Fas omne mundi teque dominantem precor §659regno capaci teque quam amotam inrita §660quaesivit Enna mater, ut iura abdita §661et operta terris liceat impune eloqui.
I pray all the divine law of the world, and you who rule the capacious realm, and you whom, carried away, in vain her mother sought in Enna, that I may speak with impunity of hidden laws and things covered by the earth.
§662Spartana tellus nobile attollit iugum, §663densis ubi aequor Taenarus silvis premit; §664hic ora solvit Ditis invisi domus §665hiatque rupes alta et immenso specu §666ingens vorago faucibus vastis patet §667latumque pandit omnibus populis iter.
The Spartan land raises a noble ridge, where Taenarus presses the sea with dense woods; here the house of hated Dis opens its mouth, and the high rock gapes, and a huge abyss with a vast cavern lies open with wide jaws, and spreads a broad path for all nations.
§668non caeca tenebris incipit. primo via; §669tenuis relictae lucis a tergo nitor §670fulgorque dubius solis afflicti cadit §671et ludit aciem:- nocte sic mixta solet §672praebere lumen primus aut serus dies.
The way does not begin blind with darkness at first; a faint brightness of the left-behind light from behind, and a doubtful splendor of the sinking sun falls and deceives the eyes: so, when night is mixed, early or late day is wont to afford light.
§673hinc ampla vacuis spatia laxantur locis, §674in quae omne mersum penetrat humanum genus.
Hence ample spaces are widened in empty places, into which all the sunken human race enters.
§675nec ire labor est; ipsa deducit via: §676ut saepe puppes aestus invitas rapit, §677sic pronus aer urguet atque avidum chaos, §678gradumque retro flectere haut umquam sinunt §679umbrae tenaces.
Nor is it labor to go; the way itself leads down: as often the tide carries away unwilling ships, so the downward air and greedy chaos urge them on, and the tenacious shades never permit them to turn their steps backward.
intus immensi sinus §680placido quieta labitur Lethe vado §681demitque curas, neve remeandi amplius §682pateat facultas, flexibus multis gravem §683involvit amnem: qualis incertis vagus §684Maeander undis ludit et cedit sibi §685instatque dubius litus an fontem petat.
Within, a vast bay of Lethe quietly glides with placid shoal, and takes away cares; and lest any more opportunity of returning should lie open, with many windings it rolls its heavy stream: just as the wandering Maeander plays with uncertain waves, and yields to itself, and presses on, doubtful whether it seeks the shore or its source.
§686palus inertis foeda Cocyti iacet; §687hic vultur, illic luctifer bubo gemit §688omenque triste resonat infaustae strigis.
The foul marsh of sluggish Cocytus lies; here the vulture, there the grief-bringing owl groans, and the sad omen of the ill-omened screech-owl resounds.
§689horrent opaca fronde nigrantes comae, §690taxo imminente quam tenet segnis Sopor, §691Famesque maesta tabido rictu iacet §692Pudorque serus conscios vultus tegit.
The black tresses shudder with thick foliage, which sluggish Sleep possesses under the overhanging yew, and mournful Hunger lies with wasting open mouth, and late Shame covers its conscious face.
§693Metus Pavorque + Funus et frendens Dolor §694aterque Luctus sequitur et Morbus tremens §695et cincta ferro Bella; in extremo abdita §696iners Senectus adiuvat baculo gradum.
Fear and Dread, Death and gnashing Pain, and black Grief follows, and trembling Sickness, and War girt with iron; hidden in the extreme part, sluggish Old Age helps its step with a staff.
§697Estne aliqua tellus Cereris aut Bacchi ferax?
Is there any land fertile of Ceres or Bacchus?
§698Non prata viridi laeta facie germinant §699nec adulta leni fluctuat Zephyro seges; §700non ulla ramos silva pomiferos habet: §701sterilis profundi vastitas squalet soli §702et foeda tellus torpet aeterno situ.
No meadows sprout joyful with green face, nor does the full-grown crop wave with the gentle Zephyr; no wood has fruit-bearing branches: the barren vastness of the deep soil is squalid, and the foul earth is numb with eternal neglect.
§704immotus aer haeret et pigro sedet §705nox atra mundo: cuncta maerore horrida §706ipsaque morte peior est mortis locus.
The unmoved air hangs, and black night sits sluggish on the world: all things are shuddering with sorrow, and the place of death itself is worse than death.
§707Quid ille opaca qui regit sceptro loca, §708qua sede positus temperat populos leves?
What of him who rules the dark places with his sceptre, in what seat placed does he govern the light peoples?
§709Est in recessu Tartari obscuro locus, §710quem gravibus umbris spissa caligo alligat.
There is a place in the dark recess of Tartarus, which thick darkness binds with heavy shades.
§711a fonte discors manat hinc uno latex, §712alter quieto similis (hunc iurant dei) §713tacente sacram devehens fluvio Styga; §714at hic tumultu rapitur ingenti ferox §715et saxa fluctu volvit Acheron invius
From here a discordant stream flows from a single source: one is like a quiet stream (by this the gods swear), carrying down the sacred Styx with silent river; but this one is swept away with huge tumult, fierce, and Acheron rolls rocks with its wave, impassable to be sailed back.
§716renavigari. cingitur duplici vado
It is girt by a double shoal...

Notes

  1. §634hanc ferat virtus notam — The present subjunctive ferat expresses a wish or hortatory command with virtus as the subject ("let valor bear this mark/stigma"). The noun notam refers to a mark or stigma, signifying the dishonor of Lycus still living, which Hercules' virtus resolves to take upon itself as a challenge to overcome.
  2. §644dabit: dat; hoc quoque est lentum: dedit. — By rapidly shifting the same verb dare (in the idiom poenas dare) from the future tense (dabit) to the present (dat), and then to the perfect tense (dedit), the text dramatically emphasizes the rapidity and certainty of Hercules' revenge. Through Theseus' words, a future event is rhetorically treated as currently in progress and indeed already an accomplished fact.
  3. §658Fas omne mundi teque dominantem precor... ut... liceat — The main verb precor (I pray) takes Fas omne mundi (all the divine law of the world), dominantem (the ruler, i.e., Pluto), and te (Proserpina, modified by a relative clause) as direct objects in coordination, leading into the indirect command clause introduced by ut... liceat (that it may be allowed to speak).
  4. §683qualis incertis vagus Maeander undis ludit — A comparative construction utilizing the famous meandering of the river Maeander to describe the complex windings of the underworld river. The relative adjective qualis ("such as") introduces the adverbial clause of comparison with the verbs ludit, cedit, and instat. The subjunctive clause dubius... petat is an indirect question of alternative choice, describing the uncertain direction of the river.
  5. §715invius renavigari — The adjective invius (impassable) is modified by the passive infinitive renavigari (to be sailed back), a poetic construction mimicking the Greek infinitive of purpose or specification (explanatory infinitive). This usage is equivalent to the supine in -u (renavigatu) in classical Latin prose, meaning "(Acheron) impassable to be navigated back."

Cite this passage

Seneca the Younger, Hercules §632-716. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1017.phi001.humanitext-lat2:632-716

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