§13.prop.2ἐὰν εὐθεῖα γραμμὴ τμήματος ἑαυτῆς πενταπλάσιον δύνηται, τῆς διπλασίας τοῦ εἰρημένου τμήματος ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμα τὸ λοιπὸν μέρος ἐστὶ τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς εὐθείας.
If a straight line be five times the square on a segment of itself, then, when the double of the said segment is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is the remaining part of the original straight line.
εὐθεῖα γὰρ γραμμὴ ἡ ΑΒ τμήματος ἑαυτῆς τοῦ ΑΓ πενταπλάσιον δυνάσθω, τῆς δὲ ΑΓ διπλῆ ἔστω ἡ ΓΔ· λέγω, ὅτι τῆς ΓΔ ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμά ἐστιν ἡ ΓΒ.
Ἀναγεγράφθω γὰρ ἀφʼ ἑκατέρας τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ τετράγωνα τὰ ΑΖ, ΓΗ, καὶ καταγεγράφθω ἐν τῷ ΑΖ τὸ σχῆμα, καὶ διήχθω ἡ ΒΕ. καὶ ἐπεὶ πενταπλάσιόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ, πενταπλάσιόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΖ τοῦ ΑΘ. τετραπλάσιος ἄρα ὁ ΜΝΞ γνώμων τοῦ ΑΘ. καὶ ἐπεὶ διπλῆ ἐστιν ἡ ΔΓ τῆς ΓΑ, τετραπλάσιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ ΔΓ τοῦ ἀπὸ ΓΑ, τουτέστι τὸ ΓΗ τοῦ ΑΘ. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ὁ ΜΝΞ γνώμων τετραπλάσιος τοῦ ΑΘ· ἴσος ἄρα ὁ ΜΝΞ γνώμων τῷ ΓΗ. καὶ ἐπεὶ διπλῆ ἐστιν ἡ ΔΓ τῆς ΓΑ, ἴση δὲ ἡ μὲν ΔΓ τῇ ΓΚ, ἡ δὲ ΑΓ τῇ ΓΘ, διπλάσιον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΚΒ τοῦ ΒΘ. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ ΛΘ, ΘΒ τοῦ ΘΒ διπλάσια· ἴσον ἄρα τὸ ΚΒ τοῖς ΛΘ, ΘΒ. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ὅλος ὁ ΜΝΞ γνώμων ὅλῳ τῷ ΓΗ ἴσος· καὶ λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΘΖ τῷ ΒΗ ἐστιν ἴσον.
For let the straight line AB be five times the square on a segment of itself AC, and let GD be double of AC; I say that, when GD is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is GB. For let the squares AZ, GH be described on each of AB, GD, and let the figure be drawn in AZ, and let BE be drawn. And since the square on BA is five times the square on AC, AZ is five times ATh. Therefore the gnomon MNX is four times ATh. And since DG is double GA, therefore the square on DG is four times the square on GA, that is, GH is four times ATh. But the gnomon MNX was also shown to be four times ATh; therefore the gnomon MNX is equal to GH. And since DG is double GA, and DG is equal to GK, and AC to GTh, therefore KB is also double BTh. But LTh, ThB are also double ThB; therefore KB is equal to LTh, ThB. And the whole gnomon MNX was also shown to be equal to the whole GH; therefore the remainder ThZ is equal to BH.
καί ἐστι τὸ μὲν ΒΗ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔΒ· ἴση γὰρ ἡ ΓΔ τῇ ΔΗ· τὸ δὲ ΘΖ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΒ·
And BH is the rectangle contained by GDB; for GD is equal to DH; and ThZ is the square on GB; therefore the rectangle contained by GDB is equal to the square on GB.
τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΒ. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΔΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΒ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ. μείζων δὲ ἡ ΔΓ τῆς ΓΒ· μείζων ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΓΒ τῆς ΒΔ. τῆς ΓΔ ἄρα εὐθείας ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμά ἐστιν ἡ ΓΒ.
ἐὰν ἄρα εὐθεῖα γραμμὴ τμήματος ἑαυτῆς πενταπλάσιον δύνηται, τῆς διπλασίας τοῦ εἰρημένου τμήματος ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμα τὸ λοιπὸν μέρος ἐστὶ τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς εὐθείας· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, as DG is to GB, so is GB to BD. But DG is greater than GB; therefore GB is also greater than BD. Therefore, when the straight line GD is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is GB. Therefore, if a straight line be five times the square on a segment of itself, then, when the double of the said segment is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is the remaining part of the original straight line; which it was required to prove.
λῆμμα
ὅτι δὲ ἡ διπλῆ τῆς ΑΓ μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς ΒΓ, οὕτως δεικτέον.
Lemma That the double of AC is greater than GB is to be proved thus.
εἰ γὰρ μή, ἔστω, εἰ δυνατόν, ἡ ΒΓ διπλῆ τῆς ΓΑ. τετραπλάσιον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΓ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΑ· πενταπλάσια ἄρα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΓΑ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΑ. ὑπόκειται δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ πενταπλάσιον τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΑ· τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΓΑ· ὅπερ ἀδύνατον.
For if not, let, if possible, GB be double GA. Therefore the square on GB is four times the square on GA; therefore the squares on GB, GA are five times the square on GA. But the square on BA is also assumed to be five times the square on GA; therefore the square on BA is equal to the squares on GB, GA; which is impossible.
οὐκ ἄρα ἡ ΓΒ διπλασία ἐστὶ τῆς ΑΓ. ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι οὐδὲ ἡ ἐλάττων τῆς ΓΒ διπλασίων ἐστὶ τῆς ΓΑ· πολλῷ γὰρ τὸ ἄτοπον.
Therefore GB is not double AC. Similarly we shall prove that neither is any line less than GB double GA; for the absurdity is much greater.
ἡ ἄρα τῆς ΑΓ διπλῆ μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς ΓΒ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore the double of AC is greater than GB; which it was required to prove.