§13.prop.18#3ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἰσογώνιόν ἐστι τὸ ΖΔΒ τρίγωνον τῷ ΖΑΒ τριγώνῳ, ἀνάλογόν ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΔΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΖ πρὸς τὴν ΒΑ. καὶ ἐπεὶ τρεῖς εὐθεῖαι ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν, ἔστιν ὡς ἡ πρώτη πρὸς τὴν τρίτην, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς δευτέρας· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΔΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΑ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΒ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΖ· ἀνάπαλιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΒ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ. τριπλῆ δὲ ἡ ΑΒ τῆς ΒΔ· τριπλάσιον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΔ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΒ τετραπλάσιον· διπλῆ γὰρ ἡ ΑΔ τῆς ΔΒ· μεῖζον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΔ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΒ· μείζων ἄρα ἡ ΑΔ τῆς ΖΒ· πολλῷ ἄρα ἡ ΑΛ τῆς ΖΒ μείζων ἐστίν.
For since triangle ZDB is equiangular with triangle ZAB, they are proportional, as DB is to BZ, so is BZ to BA. And since three straight lines are proportional, as the first is to the third, so is the square on the first to the square on the second; therefore, as DB is to BA, so is the square on DB to the square on BZ; therefore, inversely, as AB is to BD, so is the square on ZB to the square on BD. And AB is triple of BD; therefore the square on ZB is triple of the square on BD. But the square on AD is also quadruple of the square on DB; for AD is double of DB; therefore the square on AD is greater than the square on ZB; therefore AD is greater than ZB; therefore AL is much greater than ZB.
καὶ τῆς μὲν ΑΛ ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμά ἐστιν ἡ ΚΛ, ἐπειδήπερ ἡ μὲν ΛΚ ἑξαγώνου ἐστίν, ἡ δὲ ΚΑ δεκαγώνου· τῆς δὲ ΖΒ ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τεμνομένης τὸ μεῖζον τμῆμά ἐστιν ἡ ΝΒ· μείζων ἄρα ἡ ΚΛ τῆς ΝΒ. ἴση δὲ ἡ ΚΛ τῇ ΛΜ· μείζων ἄρα ἡ ΛΜ τῆς ΝΒ.
And when AL is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is KL, since LK is the side of the hexagon, and KA of the decagon; and when ZB is cut in extreme and mean ratio, the greater segment is NB; therefore KL is greater than NB. And KL is equal to LM; therefore LM is greater than NB.
πολλῷ ἄρα ἡ ΜΒ πλευρὰ οὖσα τοῦ εἰκοσαέδρου μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς ΝΒ πλευρᾶς οὔσης τοῦ δωδεκαέδρου· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore the side MB of the icosahedron is much greater than the side NB of the dodecahedron; which was to be proved.
λέγω δή, ὅτι παρὰ τὰ εἰρημένα πέντε σχήματα οὐ συσταθήσεται ἕτερον σχῆμα περιεχόμενον ὑπὸ ἰσοπλεύρων τε καὶ ἰσογωνίων ἴσων ἀλλήλοις.
I say next that, besides the aforesaid five figures, no other figure will be constructed contained by equilateral and equiangular figures equal to one another.
ὑπὸ μὲν γὰρ δύο τριγώνων ἢ ὅλως ἐπιπέδων στερεὰ γωνία οὐ συνίσταται.
For a solid angle cannot be constructed by two triangles, or indeed by any two plane figures.
ὑπὸ δὲ τριῶν τριγώνων ἡ τῆς πυραμίδος, ὑπὸ δὲ τεσσάρων ἡ τοῦ ὀκταέδρου, ὑπὸ δὲ πέντε ἡ τοῦ εἰκοσαέδρου· ὑπὸ δὲ ἓξ τριγώνων ἰσοπλεύρων τε καὶ ἰσογωνίων πρὸς ἑνὶ σημείῳ συνισταμένων οὐκ ἔσται στερεὰ γωνία· οὔσης γὰρ τῆς τοῦ ἰσοπλεύρου τριγώνου γωνίας διμοίρου ὀρθῆς ἔσονται αἱ ἓξ τέσσαρσιν ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι· ὅπερ ἀδύνατον· ἅπασα γὰρ στερεὰ γωνία ὑπὸ ἐλασσόνων ἢ τεσσάρων ὀρθῶν περιέχεται.
But by three triangles the angle of the pyramid is contained, by four that of the octahedron, and by five that of the icosahedron; but by six equilateral and equiangular triangles grouped at one point a solid angle will not be formed; for, the angle of the equilateral triangle being two-thirds of a right angle, the six angles will be equal to four right angles: which is impossible, for every solid angle is contained by angles less than four right angles.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ οὐδὲ ὑπὸ πλειόνων ἢ ἓξ γωνιῶν ἐπιπέδων στερεὰ γωνία συνίσταται.
For the same reason, neither is a solid angle constructed by more than six plane angles.
ὑπὸ δὲ τετραγώνων τριῶν ἡ τοῦ κύβου γωνία περιέχεται· ὑπὸ δὲ τεσσάρων ἀδύνατον· ἔσονται γὰρ πάλιν τέσσαρες ὀρθαί.
By three squares the angle of the cube is contained; but by four it is impossible, for they will again be four right angles.
ὑπὸ δὲ πενταγώνων ἰσοπλεύρων καὶ ἰσογωνίων, ὑπὸ μὲν τριῶν ἡ τοῦ δωδεκαέδρου· ὑπὸ δὲ τεσσάρων ἀδύνατον· οὔσης γὰρ τῆς τοῦ πενταγώνου ἰσοπλεύρου γωνίας ὀρθῆς καὶ πέμπτου, ἔσονται αἱ τέσσαρες γωνίαι τεσσάρων ὀρθῶν μείζους· ὅπερ ἀδύνατον.
By three equilateral and equiangular pentagons, that of the dodecahedron is contained; but by four it is impossible; for, the angle of the equilateral pentagon being a right angle and a fifth, the four angles will be greater than four right angles: which is impossible.
οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπὸ πολυγώνων ἑτέρων σχημάτων περισχεθήσεται στερεὰ γωνία διὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ἄτοπον.
Neither indeed will a solid angle be contained by other polygonal figures, because of the same absurdity.
οὐκ ἄρα παρὰ τὰ εἰρημένα πέντε σχήματα ἕτερον σχῆμα στερεὸν συσταθήσεται ὑπὸ ἰσοπλεύρων τε καὶ ἰσογωνίων περιεχόμενον· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, besides the aforesaid five figures, no other solid figure will be constructed contained by equilateral and equiangular figures; which was to be proved.
λῆμμα
ὅτι δὲ ἡ τοῦ ἰσοπλεύρου καὶ ἰσογωνίου πενταγώνου γωνία ὀρθή ἐστι καὶ πέμπτου, οὕτω δεικτέον.
Lemma But that the angle of the equilateral and equiangular pentagon is a right angle and a fifth, must be proved as follows.
ἔστω γὰρ πεντάγωνον ἰσόπλευρον καὶ ἰσογώνιον τὸ ΑΒΓΔΕ, καὶ περιγεγράφθω περὶ αὐτὸ κύκλος ὁ ΑΒΓ ΔΕ, καὶ εἰλήφθω αὐτοῦ τὸ κέντρον τὸ Ζ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΖΑ, ΖΒ, ΖΓ, ΖΔ, ΖΕ. δίχα ἄρα τέμνουσι τὰς πρὸς τοῖς Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε τοῦ πενταγώνου γωνίας.
For let ABCDE be an equilateral and equiangular pentagon, and let the circle ABCDE be circumscribed about it, and let its center Z be taken, and let ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD, ZE be joined; therefore they bisect the angles of the pentagon at A, B, C, D, E.
καὶ ἐπεὶ αἱ πρὸς τῷ Ζ πέντε γωνίαι τέσσαρσιν ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσὶ καί εἰσιν ἴσαι, μία ἄρα αὐτῶν, ὡς ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΖΒ, μιᾶς ὀρθῆς ἐστι παρὰ πέμπτον· λοιπαὶ ἄρα αἱ ὑπὸ ΖΑΒ, ΑΒΖ μιᾶς εἰσιν ὀρθῆς καὶ πέμπτου.
And since the five angles at Z are equal to four right angles, and are equal, therefore one of them, as the angle AZB, is one right angle minus a fifth; therefore the remaining angles ZAB, ABZ are one right angle and a fifth.
ἴση δὲ ἡ ὑπὸ ΖΑΒ τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΒΓ· καὶ ὅλη ἄρα ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΒΓ τοῦ πενταγώνου γωνία μιᾶς ἐστιν ὀρθῆς καὶ πέμπτου· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
And the angle ZAB is equal to the angle ZBC; therefore the whole angle ABC of the pentagon is one right angle and a fifth; which was to be proved.