§10.prop3.94ἐὰν χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς τετάρτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐλάσσων ἐστίν.
If an area be contained by a rational straight line and a fourth apotome, the straight line producing the area is minor.
χωρίον γὰρ τὸ ΑΒ περιεχέσθω ὑπὸ ῥητῆς τῆς ΑΓ καὶ ἀποτομῆς τετάρτης τῆς ΑΔ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τὸ ΑΒ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐλάσσων ἐστίν.
For let the area AB be contained by the rational straight line AC and the fourth apotome AD; I say that the straight line producing the area AB is minor.
ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΑΔ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΔΗ· αἱ ἄρα ΑΗ, ΗΔ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι, καὶ ἡ ΑΗ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΑΓ μήκει, ἡ δὲ ὅλη ἡ ΑΗ τῆς προσαρμοζούσης τῆς ΔΗ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει.
For let DH be the annex to AD; therefore AH, HD are rational straight lines commensurable in square only, and AH is commensurable in length with the set-out rational straight line AC, but the whole AH is greater in square than the annex DH by the square on a straight line incommensurable in length with itself.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ἡ ΑΗ τῆς ΗΔ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει, ἐὰν ἄρα τῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΗ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΑΗ παραβληθῇ ἐλλεῖπον εἴδει τετραγώνῳ, εἰς ἀσύμμετρα αὐτὴν διελεῖ.
Since, then, AH is greater in square than DH by the square on a straight line incommensurable in length with itself, if therefore a rectangle equal to the fourth part of the square on DH be applied to AH, deficient by a square figure, it divides it into parts incommensurable in length.
τετμήσθω οὖν ἡ ΔΗ δίχα κατὰ τὸ Ε, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΗ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΑΗ παραβεβλήσθω ἐλλεῖπον εἴδει τετραγώνῳ, καὶ ἔστω τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΖ, ΖΗ·
Let then DH be bisected at E; and let there be applied to AH a rectangle equal to the square on EH, deficient by a square figure, and let it be the rectangle contained by AZ, ZH; therefore AZ is incommensurable in length with ZH.
ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ μήκει ἡ ΑΖ τῇ ΖΗ. ἤχθωσαν οὖν διὰ τῶν Ε, Ζ, Η παράλληλοι ταῖς ΑΓ, ΒΔ αἱ ΕΘ, ΖΙ, ΗΚ. ἐπεὶ οὖν ῥητή ἐστιν ἡ ΑΗ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΑΓ μήκει, ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶν ὅλον τὸ ΑΚ. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΔΗ τῇ ΑΓ μήκει, καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί, μέσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΔΚ. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΑΖ τῇ ΖΗ μήκει, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΑΙ τῷ ΖΚ. συνεστάτω οὖν τῷ μὲν ΑΙ ἴσον τετράγωνον τὸ ΛΜ, τῷ δὲ ΖΚ ἴσον ἀφῃρήσθω περὶ τὴν αὐτὴν γωνίαν τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ΛΟΜ τὸ ΝΞ. περὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἄρα διάμετρόν ἐστι τὰ ΛΜ, ΝΞ τετράγωνα.
Let there be drawn through E, Z, H parallel to AC, BD the straight lines EG, ZI, HK. Since, then, AH is rational and commensurable in length with AC, therefore the whole AK is rational. Again, since DH is incommensurable in length with AC, and both are rational, therefore DK is medial. Again, since AZ is incommensurable in length with ZH, therefore AI is also incommensurable with ZK. Let then the square LM be constructed equal to AI, and let the square NX, equal to ZK, be subtracted, having a common angle with the square LM, namely the angle contained by LOM; therefore the squares LM, NX are about the same diagonal.
ἔστω αὐτῶν διάμετρος ἡ ΟΡ, καὶ καταγεγράφθω τὸ σχῆμα.
Let OP be their diagonal, and let the figure be described.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΖ, ΖΗ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΗ, ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΖ πρὸς τὴν ΕΗ, οὕτως ἡ ΕΗ πρὸς τὴν ΖΗ. ἀλλʼ ὡς μὲν ἡ ΑΖ πρὸς τὴν ΕΗ, οὕτως ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΙ πρὸς τὸ ΕΚ, ὡς δὲ ἡ ΕΗ πρὸς τὴν ΖΗ, οὕτως ἐστὶ τὸ ΕΚ πρὸς τὸ ΖΚ·
Since, then, the rectangle contained by AZ, ZH is equal to the square on EH, therefore proportionally, as AZ is to EH, so is EH to ZH. But as AZ is to EH, so is AI to EK, and as EH is to ZH, so is EK to ZK; therefore EK is a mean proportional between AI, ZK.
τῶν ἄρα ΑΙ, ΖΚ μέσον ἀνάλογόν ἐστι τὸ ΕΚ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῶν ΛΜ, ΝΞ τετραγώνων μέσον ἀνάλογον τὸ ΜΝ, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ μὲν ΑΙ τῷ ΛΜ, τὸ δὲ ΖΚ τῷ ΝΞ·
But MN is also a mean proportional between the squares LM, NX, and AI is equal to LM, and ZK to NX; therefore EK is also equal to MN.
καὶ τὸ ΕΚ ἄρα ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΜΝ. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ΕΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΔΘ, τῷ δὲ ΜΝ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΛΞ·
But EK is equal to DG, and MN to LX; therefore the whole DK is equal to the gnomon UFX and NX.
ὅλον ἄρα τὸ ΔΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΥΦΧ γνώμονι καὶ τῷ ΝΞ. ἐπεὶ οὖν ὅλον τὸ ΑΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ΛΜ, ΝΞ τετραγώνοις, ὧν τὸ ΔΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΥΦΧ γνώμονι καὶ τῷ ΝΞ τετραγώνῳ, λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΣΤ, τουτέστι τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΝ τετραγώνῳ· ἡ ΛΝ ἄρα δύναται τὸ ΑΒ χωρίον.
Since, then, the whole AK is equal to the squares LM, NX, of which DK is equal to the gnomon UFX and the square NX, therefore the remainder AB is equal to ST, that is, the square on LN; therefore LN produces the area AB.
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΛΝ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἐλάσσων.
I say that LN is the irrational straight line called minor.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ῥητόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΚ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΛΟ, ΟΝ τετραγώνοις, τὸ ἄρα συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΛΟ, ΟΝ ῥητόν ἐστιν.
For since AK is rational and is equal to the squares on LO, ON, therefore the sum of the squares on LO, ON is rational.
πάλιν, ἐπεὶ τὸ ΔΚ μέσον ἐστίν, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ ΔΚ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΛΟ, ΟΝ, τὸ ἄρα δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΛΟ, ΟΝ μέσον ἐστίν.
Again, since DK is medial and DK is equal to twice the rectangle contained by LO, ON, therefore twice the rectangle contained by LO, ON is medial.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρον ἐδείχθη τὸ ΑΙ τῷ ΖΚ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΟ τετράγωνον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΟΝ τετραγώνῳ.
And since AI was proved incommensurable with ZK, therefore the square on LO is also incommensurable with the square on ON.
αἱ ΛΟ, ΟΝ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων ῥητόν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον.
Therefore LO, ON are incommensurable in square, making the sum of the squares on them rational, but twice the rectangle contained by them medial.
ἡ ΛΝ ἄρα ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἐλάσσων· καὶ δύναται τὸ ΑΒ χωρίον.
Therefore LN is the irrational straight line called minor; and it produces the area AB.
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΑΒ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐλάσσων ἐστίν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore the straight line producing the area AB is minor; which was to be proved.