§3.81.1ἐμφρόνως ἐλογίζετο ταῦτα καὶ πραγματικῶς· οὐ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἄλλως εἰπεῖν, ὡς εἴ τις οἴεται κυριώτερόν τι μέρος εἶναι στρατηγίας τοῦ γνῶναι τὴν προαίρεσιν καὶ φύσιν τοῦ τῶν ἐναντίων ἡγεμόνος, ἀγνοεῖ καὶ τετύφωται.
He calculated these things wisely and practically; for it is not reasonable to say otherwise than that if anyone thinks there is any more decisive part of generalship than knowing the purpose and nature of the enemy's leader, he is ignorant and blinded.
§3.81.2καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν κατʼ ἄνδρα καὶ ζυγὸν ἀγωνισμάτων δεῖ τὸν μέλλοντα νικᾶν συνθεωρεῖν πῶς δυνατὸν ἐφικέσθαι τοῦ σκοποῦ καὶ τί γυμνὸν ἢ ποῖον ἔξοπλον μέρος φαίνεται τῶν ἀνταγωνιστῶν, §3.81.3οὕτως χρὴ καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων προεστῶτας σκοπεῖν οὐχ ὅπου τι τοῦ σώματος γυμνόν, ἀλλὰ ποῦ τῆς ψυχῆς εὐχείρωτόν τι παραφαίνεται τοῦ τῶν ἐναντίων ἡγεμόνος, §3.81.4ἐπειδὴ πολλοὶ μὲν διὰ ῥᾳθυμίαν καὶ τὴν σύμπασαν ἀργίαν οὐ μόνον τὰς κοινὰς πράξεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἰδίους καταπροΐενται βίους ἄρδην, §3.81.5πολλοὶ δὲ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν οἶνον ἐπιθυμίαν οὐδʼ ὑπνῶσαι δύνανται χωρὶς ἀλλοιώσεως καὶ μέθης, §3.81.6ἔνιοι δὲ διὰ τὰς τῶν ἀφροδισίων ὁρμὰς καὶ τὴν ἐν τούτοις ἔκπληξιν οὐ μόνον πόλεις καὶ βίους ἀναστάτους πεποιήκασιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ζῆν αὑτῶν ἀφῄρηνται μετʼ αἰσχύνης.
For just as in individual and single combats, he who intends to conquer must observe how it is possible to reach his mark, and what part of his opponents appears bare or what part is poorly protected by armor, so those who are in charge of the whole state of affairs must examine not where some part of the body is bare, but where some vulnerable spot in the soul of the enemy's leader shows itself; since many, through slackness and general laziness, utterly ruin not only public affairs but also their own private lives, and many, through their desire for wine, cannot even sleep without alteration and drunkenness, and some, through sexual impulses and the madness associated with them, have not only overthrown cities and lives, but have also been deprived of their own lives with disgrace.
§3.81.7καὶ μὴν δειλία καὶ βλακεία κατʼ ἰδίαν μὲν αὐτοῖς ὄνειδος ἐπιφέρει τοῖς ἔχουσι, περὶ δὲ τὸν τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμόνα γενομένη κοινόν ἐστι καὶ μέγιστον συμπτωμάτων.
Moreover, cowardice and sluggishness bring disgrace upon those who possess them individually, but when they affect the leader of the whole, they constitute a public and greatest of disasters.
§3.81.8οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἀπράκτους ποιεῖ τοὺς ὑποταττομένους, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ κινδύνους ἐπιφέρει τοὺς μεγίστους τοῖς πεπιστευκόσι.
For they not only render subordinates inactive, but also frequently bring the greatest dangers upon those who have trusted them.
§3.81.9προπέτειά γε μὴν καὶ θρασύτης καὶ θυμὸς ἄλογος, ἔτι δὲ κενοδοξία καὶ τῦφος εὐχείρωτα μὲν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς, ἐπισφαλέστατα δὲ τοῖς φίλοις. πρὸς γὰρ πᾶσαν ἐπιβουλήν, ἐνέδραν, ἀπάτην ἕτοιμος ὅ γε τοιοῦτος.
Furthermore, precipitancy, rashness, irrational anger, and also vanity and conceit are easy to conquer for enemies, but most dangerous for friends; for such a person is ready for every plot, ambush, and deceit.
§3.81.10διόπερ εἴ τις δύναιτο συννοεῖν τὰ περὶ τοὺς πέλας ἁμαρτήματα καὶ τῇδέ που προσιέναι τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, ᾗ μάλιστα καὶ διʼ ὧν εὐχείρωτος ἔσθʼ ὁ προεστὼς τῶν πολεμίων, τάχιστʼ ἂν τῶν ὅλων κατακρατοίη.
Therefore, if anyone could understand the errors of his neighbors and approach the opponents in that very quarter where and through which the leader of the enemy is most vulnerable, he would very quickly master the whole.
καθάπερ γὰρ νεὼς ἐὰν ἀφέλῃ τις τὸν κυβερνήτην, §3.81.11τὸ ὅλον αὐτανδρὶ σκάφος ὑποχείριον γίνεται τοῖς ἐχθροῖς, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἐὰν τὸν προεστῶτα [πόλεμον] δυνάμεως χειρώσηταί τις κατὰ τὰς ἐπιβολὰς καὶ συλλογισμούς, αὐτανδρὶ γίνεται πολλάκις κρατεῖν τῶν ἀντιταττομένων.
For just as if one takes away the helmsman from a ship, the whole vessel, crew and all, becomes subject to the enemy, in the same way, if one overcomes the leader of a force by means of plans and calculations, it is often possible to master the opposing forces, crew and all.
§3.81.12ἃ δὴ καὶ τότε προϊδόμενος καὶ συλλογισάμενος Ἀννίβας περὶ τοῦ τῶν ἐναντίων ἡγεμόνος οὐ διεσφάλη τῆς ἐπιβολῆς.
Foreseeing and calculating indeed these very things at that time concerning the enemy's leader, Hannibal did not fail in his undertaking.