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Polybius · The Histories §2.25.1-2.25.11

Celtic Invasion of Etruria and Ambush of Roman Forces

Passage 113 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The Celtic army invading Etruria marches toward Rome and defeats the pursuing Roman forces in an ambush.

§2.25.1οἱ δὲ Κελτοὶ κατάραντες εἰς τὴν Τυρρηνίαν ἐπεπορεύοντο τὴν χώραν, πορθοῦντες ἀδεῶς· οὐδενὸς δʼ αὐτοῖς ἀντιταττομένου, τέλος ἐπʼ αὐτὴν ὥρμησαν τὴν Ῥώμην.
Meanwhile, the Celts, having descended into Etruria, marched through the country, plundering it without fear; and since no one opposed them, they finally advanced against Rome itself.
§2.25.2ἤδη δʼ αὐτῶν περὶ πόλιν ὄντων ἣ καλεῖται μὲν Κλούσιον, ἀπέχει δʼ ἡμερῶν τριῶν ὁδὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥώμης, προσαγγέλλεται διότι κατόπιν αὐτοῖς ἕπονται καὶ συνάπτουσιν αἱ προκαθήμεναι τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐν τῇ Τυρρηνίᾳ δυνάμεις.
When they were already near a city called Clusium, which is three days' journey from Rome, news was brought to them that the forces of the Romans stationed in front in Etruria were following behind and closing in on them.
§2.25.3οἱ δʼ ἀκούσαντες ἐξ ὑποστροφῆς ἀπήντων, σπεύδοντες τούτοις συμβαλεῖν.
On hearing this, they turned back to meet them, eager to engage with these forces.
§2.25.4ἐγγίσαντες δʼ ἀλλήλοις ἤδη περὶ δυσμὰς ἡλίου, τότε μὲν ἐν συμμέτρῳ διαστήματι καταστρατοπεδεύσαντες ηὐλίσθησαν ἀμφότεροι.
Having already drawn near to one another about sunset, they both encamped at a moderate distance and passed the night.
§2.25.5τῆς δὲ νυκτὸς ἐπιγενομένης πῦρ ἀνακαύσαντες οἱ Κελτοὶ τοὺς μὲν ἱππεῖς ἀπέλιπον, συντάξαντες ἅμα τῷ φωτὶ συμφανεῖς γενομένους τοῖς πολεμίοις ὑποχωρεῖν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν στίβον.
When night came on, the Celts lit fires and left their cavalry behind, having instructed them that, as soon as they became visible to the enemy at daybreak, they should retreat along the same track.
§2.25.6αὐτοὶ δὲ λαθραίαν ποιησάμενοι τὴν ἀποχώρησιν ὡς ἐπὶ πόλιν Φαισόλαν αὐτοῦ παρενέβαλον, πρόθεσιν ἔχοντες ἅμα μὲν ἐκδέχεσθαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν ἱππεῖς, ἅμα δὲ παραδόξως ἐνοχλῆσαι τὴν τῶν ὑπεναντίων ἔφοδον.
They themselves made a secret retreat and encamped near the city of Faesulae, with the intention, on the one hand, of waiting for their own cavalry, and on the other hand, of unexpectedly harassing the enemy's onset.
§2.25.7οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιγενομένης συνιδόντες τοὺς ἱππεῖς αὐτοὺς καὶ νομίσαντες τοὺς Κελτοὺς ἀποδεδρακέναι, κατὰ σπουδὴν ἠκολούθουν τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν κατὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀποχώρησιν.
When day broke, the Romans, seeing only the cavalry and thinking that the Celts had fled, eagerly pursued the cavalry along their line of retreat.
§2.25.8ἅμα δὲ τῷ συνεγγίζειν τοῖς πολεμίοις διαναστάντων τῶν Κελτῶν καὶ συμπεσόντων αὐτοῖς ἦν ἀγὼν τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐξ ἀμφοῖν βίαιος.
But as they drew near to the enemy, the Celts rose up from their ambush and fell upon them, so that at first there was a fierce struggle on both sides.
§2.25.9τέλος δὲ καθυπερεχόντων τῶν Κελτῶν τῇ τόλμῃ καὶ τῷ πλήθει, συνέβη διαφθαρῆναι μὲν τῶν Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἐλάττους ἑξακισχιλίων, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς φεύγειν· ὧν οἱ πλείους πρός τινα τόπον ἐρυμνὸν ἀποχωρήσαντες ἔμενον.
But finally, as the Celts prevailed by their courage and numbers, it happened that no fewer than six thousand of the Romans were slain, while the rest fled; most of whom retreated to a strong position and held their ground.
§2.25.10οὓς τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οἱ Κελτοὶ πολιορκεῖν ἐπεβάλοντο· κακῶς δʼ ἀπαλλάττοντες ἐκ τῆς προγεγενημένης ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ πορείας καὶ κακοπαθείας καὶ ταλαιπωρίας ὥρμησαν πρὸς ἀνάπαυσιν καὶ θεραπείαν, φυλακὴν ἀπολιπόντες τῶν ἰδίων ἱππέων περὶ τὸν λόφον, §2.25.11πρόθεσιν ἔχοντες κατὰ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν πολιορκεῖν τοὺς συμπεφευγότας, ἐὰν μὴ παραδῶσιν ἑαυτοὺς ἑκουσίως.
At first, the Celts attempted to besiege them; but being in a bad state from the preceding night march, hardships, and fatigue, they turned to rest and recovery, leaving a guard of their own cavalry around the hill, with the intention of besieging those who had fled there on the following day, unless they should surrender themselves voluntarily.

Notes

  1. 2.25.2διότι — In Polybius, the conjunction διότι is frequently used in place of ὅτι to introduce a noun clause ('that...'), rather than its classical causal meaning ('because'). Here it forms the subject clause of the impersonal verb προσαγγέλλεται.
  2. 2.25.5συντάξαντες ἅμα τῷ φωτὶ συμφανεῖς γενομένους τοῖς πολεμίοις ὑποχωρεῖν — An accusative and infinitive construction introduced by the participle συντάξαντες ('having instructed'). The subject of the infinitive ὑποχωρεῖν ('to retreat') is the accusative plural masculine participle συμφανεῖς γενομένους ('having become visible'), which refers back to τοὺς μὲν ἱππεῖς.
  3. 2.25.8ἅμα δὲ τῷ συνεγγίζειν — The preposition ἅμα combined with the dative of the articular infinitive (τῷ συνεγγίζειν) expresses temporal simultaneity ('at the same time as drawing near'). The dative complement of the intransitive verb συνεγγίζω is τοῖς πολεμίοις.
  4. 2.25.10κακῶς δʼ ἀπαλλάττοντες — An intransitive use of the verb ἀπαλλάττω (or with the omission of the reflexive pronoun ἑαυτούς), which with the adverb κακῶς means 'to be in a bad state' or 'to fare badly.' Here it describes physical exhaustion from the arduous night march.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §2.25.1-2.25.11. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.25.1-2.25.11

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