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Polybius · The Histories §1.69.1-1.69.14

Incitement by Spendius and Mathos and Violent Stonings

Passage 69 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Gesco attempts to appease and pay the mercenaries, but Spendius, a fugitive slave, and Mathos, a Libyan leader, incite them by warning of Carthaginian retaliation, leading the soldiers to violently stone any would-be advisors.

§1.69.1ἀμφισβητουμένων.
...disputed matters.
ὃς παραγενόμενος κατὰ θάλατταν μετὰ τῶν χρημάτων καὶ προσπλεύσας πρὸς τὸν Τύνητα, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον λαμβάνων τοὺς ἡγεμόνας, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συναθροίζων κατὰ γένη τοὺς πολλούς, §1.69.2ἃ μὲν ἐπετίμα περὶ τῶν γεγονότων, ἃ δὲ διδάσκειν ἐπειρᾶτο περὶ τῶν παρόντων· τὸ δὲ πλεῖον παρεκάλει πρὸς τὸ μέλλον, ἀξιῶν αὐτοὺς εὔνους ὑπάρχειν τοῖς ἐξ ἀρχῆς μισθοδόταις.
Having arrived by sea with the money and sailed to Tunis, he first of all summoned the officers, and after this assembled the multitude according to their nationalities, partly reproaching them for what had happened, and partly endeavoring to instruct them about the present state of affairs; but for the most part he exhorted them for the future, demanding that they should maintain their goodwill towards their original employers.
§1.69.3τέλος δʼ ὥρμησε πρὸς τὸ διαλύειν τὰ προσοφειλόμενα τῶν ὀψωνίων, κατὰ γένη ποιούμενος τὴν μισθοδοσίαν.
At last he set about paying off the arrears of their pay, making the distribution according to nationalities.
§1.69.4ἦν δέ τις Καμπανὸς ηὐτομοληκὼς παρὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων δοῦλος, ἔχων σωματικὴν δύναμιν καὶ τόλμαν ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς παράβολον, ὄνομα Σπένδιος.
Now there was a certain Campanian, a runaway slave from the Romans, who possessed physical strength and a reckless daring in war, named Spendius.
§1.69.5οὗτος εὐλαβούμενος μὴ παραγενόμενος αὐτὸν ὁ δεσπότης κομίσηται, καὶ κατὰ τοὺς Ῥωμαίων νόμους αἰκισθεὶς διαφθαρῇ, πᾶν ἐτόλμα καὶ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν, σπουδάζων διακόψαι τὰς διαλύσεις τὰς πρὸς Καρχηδονίους.
He, fearing lest his master should come and recover him, and that he should be tortured and put to death according to Roman laws, dared both to say and to do anything, striving to break off the agreement with the Carthaginians.
§1.69.6ἅμα δὲ τούτῳ καὶ Λίβυς τις Μάθως, ὃς ἦν μὲν ἐλεύθερος καὶ τῶν συνεστρατευμένων, πλεῖστα δὲ κεκινηκὼς κατὰ τὰς προειρημένας ταραχάς.
Along with him there was also a certain Libyan named Mathos, who was indeed a freeman and one of those who had served in the army, but who had been the chief instigator in the aforementioned disturbances.
ἀγωνιῶν οὖν μὴ τίσῃ καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν λοιπῶν δίκην, ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐγένετο γνώμης τοῖς περὶ τὸν Σπένδιον.
Fearing, therefore, lest he should suffer punishment on behalf of the rest as well, he came to the same mind as Spendius and his party.
§1.69.7καὶ λαμβάνων τοὺς Λίβυας ὑπεδείκνυε διότι μετὰ τὸν ὀψωνιασμὸν χωρισθέντων τῶν ἄλλων γενῶν εἰς τὰς πατρίδας ἀπερείσονται καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων ὀργὴν εἰς αὐτοὺς οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι καὶ βουλήσονται διὰ τῆς εἰς σφᾶς τιμωρίας ἅπαντας καταπλήξασθαι τοὺς ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ.
And taking the Libyans aside, he pointed out to them that after the pay was distributed, when the other nationalities had departed to their own countries, the Carthaginians would discharge their anger against them for those other nations as well, and would wish to terrify all the inhabitants of Libya by punishing them.
§1.69.8ταχὺ δὲ προσανασεισθέντες οἱ πολλοὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις λόγοις καὶ λαμβανόμενοι βραχείας ἀφορμῆς ἐκ τοῦ τὸν Γέσκωνα τὰ μὲν ὀψώνια διαλύειν τὰς δὲ τιμὰς τοῦ τε σίτου καὶ τῶν ἵππων ὑπερτίθεσθαι, συνέτρεχον εὐθέως εἰς ἐκκλησίαν.
The multitude being quickly excited by such words, and catching at a slight pretext because Gesco was paying off the wages but postponing the value of the corn and the horses, immediately ran together to an assembly.
§1.69.9καὶ τοῦ μὲν Σπενδίου καὶ τοῦ Μάθω διαβαλλόντων καὶ κατηγορούντων τοῦ τε Γέσκωνος καὶ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἤκουον καὶ προσεῖχον ἐπιμελῶς τὸν νοῦν τοῖς λεγομένοις.
And while Spendius and Mathos slandered and accused both Gesco and the Carthaginians, they listened and gave close attention to what was said.
εἰ δέ τις ἕτερος προπορευθείη συμβουλεύσων, §1.69.10οὐδʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο περιμείναντες ἕως τοῦ γνῶναι πότερον ἀντερῶν ἢ συνηγορήσων πάρεστι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Σπένδιον, παραχρῆμα βάλλοντες τοῖς λίθοις ἀπέκτεινον.
But if any other person came forward to give advice, without even waiting to find out whether he was there to oppose or to support Spendius and his party, they immediately stoned him to death.
§1.69.11καὶ πολλοὺς δὴ τῷ τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ κατὰ τὰς συνδρομὰς καὶ τῶν ἡγεμόνων καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν διέφθειρον.
And indeed they destroyed many in this manner during the tumults, both of the officers and of the private soldiers.
§1.69.12καὶ μόνον τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο κοινῇ συνίεσαν τὸ βάλλε διὰ τὸ συνεχῶς αὐτὸ πράττειν.
And the only word they understood in common was "Stone!" because they were constantly doing it.
μάλιστα δὲ τοῦτʼ ἐποίουν, ὁπότε μεθυσθέντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρίστων συνδράμοιεν.
They did this especially when they ran together drunk after their midday meal.
§1.69.13διόπερ ὅτε τις ἄρξαιτο βάλλε λέγειν, οὕτως ἐγίνετο πανταχόθεν ἅμα καὶ ταχέως ὥστε μηδένα δύνασθαι διαφυγεῖν τῶν ἅπαξ προελθόντων.
Therefore, whenever anyone began to say "Stone!", it happened from all sides at once and so quickly that no one who had once come forward could escape.
§1.69.14πλὴν οὐδενὸς ἔτι τολμῶντος συμβουλεύειν διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν, κατέστησαν αὑτῶν
But since no one dared to give advice any longer for this reason, they appointed their own

Notes

  1. 1.69.1ὃς — Nominative relative pronoun referring to Gesco, mentioned at the end of the previous chapter (§1.68.13). Used connectively at the beginning of the sentence ('And he'), serving as the subject of the entire main clause.
  2. 1.69.2ἃ μὲν... ἃ δὲ... — Contrastive use of the relative pronoun in the neuter plural accusative ('ἃ μὲν... ἃ δὲ...'). They function as the direct objects of the verbs ἐπετίμα and ἐπειρᾶτο respectively, forming the antithetical structure 'partly reproaching for what..., partly trying to explain what...'.
  3. 1.69.5μὴ παραγενόμενος αὐτὸν ὁ δεσπότης κομίσηται — A μὴ clause with the subjunctive, introduced by the participle of fearing εὐλαβούμενος. The word παραγενόμενος is an adverbial participle (nominative singular masculine, agreeing with the subject ὁ δεσπότης) representing time ('having arrived') or condition ('if he should arrive').
  4. 1.69.8ἐκ τοῦ τὸν Γέσκωνα τὰ μὲν ὀψώνια διαλύειν — An expression of cause or reason, consisting of the preposition ἐκ followed by the articular infinitive in the genitive (τοῦ ... διαλύειν ... ὑπερτίθεσθαι). The accusative τὸν Γέσκωνα serves as the subject accusative of the infinitive: 'from Gesco's paying off the wages while postponing...'.
  5. 1.69.10ἕως τοῦ γνῶναι — The conjunction ἕως ('until') used with the articular infinitive in the genitive (τοῦ γνῶναι, 'knowing'), expressing a limit in time: 'until they should know...'.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §1.69.1-1.69.14. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.69.1-1.69.14

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