§2.3.2̔ο δὲ Πολύβιος τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ εὖ τὸ ποιεῖν τινας ζώνας τοῖς ἀρκτικοῖς διοριζομένας, δύο μὲν τὰς ὑποπιπτούσας αὐτοῖς δύο δὲ τὰς μεταξὺ τούτων καὶ τῶν τροπικῶν· εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς μεταπίπτουσι σημείοις οὐχ ὁριστέον τὰ ἀμετάπτωτα.
Polybius, on the one hand, is not right in making certain zones defined by the arctic circles, namely, two falling under them and two between them and the tropics; for it has been said that what is immutable must not be defined by mutable signs.
οὐδὲ τοῖς τροπικοῖς δὲ τῆς διακεκαυμένης ὅροις χρηστέον· καὶ τοῦτʼ εἴρηται.
Nor should the tropics be used as boundaries of the scorched zone; and this too has been said.
τὴν διακεκαυμένην μέντοι δίχα διαιρῶν πρὸς οὐ φαύλην ἐπίνοιαν φαίνεται κεκινημένος, πρὸς ἣν καὶ ὅλην δίχα διαιροῦμεν εὐφυῶς τὴν γῆν εἴς τε τὸ βόρειον ἡμισφαίριον καὶ τὸ νότιον τῷ ἰσημερινῷ·
However, in dividing the scorched zone in two, he seems to have been prompted by no mean idea, in accordance with which we also naturally divide the whole earth in two, into the northern and southern hemispheres, by the equator.
δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι διαιρεῖται κατὰ ταύτην τὴν τομὴν καὶ ἡ διακεκαυμένη, ποιεῖ τινα ἐπιτηδειότητα, ὥστε καὶ τὸ ἡμισφαίριον ἑκάτερον ἐξ ὅλων συντετάχθαι τριῶν ζωνῶν ὁμοιοειδῶν τῶν ἐν θατέρῳ.
For it is clear that the scorched zone is also divided along this line of division, and this produces a certain suitability, so that each hemisphere is composed of three complete zones of like kind with those in the other.
ἡ μὲν οὖν τοιαύτη τομὴ δέχεται τὴν εἰς ἓξ ζώνας διαίρεσιν, ἡ δʼ ἑτέρα οὐ πάνυ.
Now, such a division admits the partition into six zones, but the other does not at all.
εἰ γοῦν τῷ διὰ τῶν πόλων δίχα τέμνοις τὴν γῆν, οὐκ ἂν εἰκότως ἑκάτερον τῶν ἡμισφαιρίων, τό τε ἑσπέριον καὶ τὸ ἀνατολικόν, τέμνοις εἰς ζώνας ἕξ, ἀλλὰ ἡ εἰς πέντε ἀρκοῦσα ἂν εἴη·
If, for example, you were to cut the earth in two by the circle passing through the poles, you would not reasonably cut each of the hemispheres, the western and the eastern, into six zones, but the division into five would be sufficient.
τὸ γὰρ ὁμοιοπαθὲς τῶν τμημάτων ἀμφοτέρων τῆς διακεκαυμένης, ἃ ποιεῖ ὁ ἰσημερινός, καὶ τὸ συγκεῖσθαι περιττὴν καὶ περίεργον ἀποφαίνει τὴν τομήν, ὁμοιοειδῶν μὲν οὐσῶν καὶ τῶν εὐκράτων καὶ τῶν κατεψυγμένων, ἀλλʼ οὐ συγκειμένων· οὕτως οὖν καὶ τὴν ὅλην γῆν ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ἡμισφαιρίων ἐπινοουμένην ἀρκούντως ἂν εἰς πέντε διαιροίης.
For the fact that both parts of the scorched zone, which the equator makes, have the same character and lie adjacent to each other makes the division superfluous and redundant, whereas the temperate and frozen zones, though of like kind in both hemispheres, do not lie adjacent to each other; thus, you would also sufficiently divide into five the whole earth when conceived as made up of such hemispheres.
εἰ δʼ, ὥσπερ Ἐρατοσθένης φησίν, ἡ ὑποπίπτουσα τῷ ἰσημερινῷ ἐστὶν εὔκρατος, καθάπερ καὶ Πολύβιος ὁμοδοξεῖ (προστίθησι δʼ οὗτος καὶ διότι ὑψηλοτάτη ἐστί· διόπερ καὶ κατομβρεῖται, τῶν βορείων νεφῶν κατὰ τοὺς ἐτησίας ἐκεῖ τοῖς ἀναστήμασι προσπιπτόντων πλείστων), πολὺ κρεῖττον τρίτην εὔκρατον ταύτην ποιεῖν στενήν τινα, ἢ τὰς ὑπὸ τοῖς τροπικοῖς εἰσάγειν.
But if, as Eratosthenes says, the region falling under the equator is temperate, as Polybius also agrees (and the latter adds also that it is because it is highest; for which reason it is also subject to heavy rains, since the greatest number of northern clouds during the Etesian winds collide there with the high lands), it would be much better to make this a third, narrow temperate zone, rather than to introduce those under the tropics.
συνηγορεῖ δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὧν μέμνηται καὶ Ποσειδώνιος, τὸ ἐκεῖ τὰς μεταστάσεις ὀξυτέρας εἶναι τὰς εἰς τὰ πλάγια, ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰς ἀπʼ ἀνατολῆς ἐπὶ δύσιν τοῦ ἡλίου· ὀξύτεραι γὰρ αἱ κατὰ μεγίστου κύκλου τῶν ὁμοταχῶν κινήσεων.
And such facts as Posidonius also mentions support these views: namely, that there the shifts of the sun to the sides are swifter, and likewise its passage from east to west; for of motions of equal speed, those along a great circle are swifter.
§2.3.3Ἐνίσταται δʼ ὁ Ποσειδώνιος τῷ Πολυβίῳ, διότι φησὶ τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ ἰσημερινῷ οἴκησιν ὑψηλοτάτην· οὐδὲν γὰρ εἶναι κατὰ τὴν σφαιρικὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ὕψος διὰ τὴν ὁμαλότητα, οὐδὲ δὴ ὀρεινὴν εἶναι τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ ἰσημερινῷ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον πεδιάδα ἰσόπεδόν πως τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τῆς θαλάττης· τοὺς δὲ πληροῦντας τὸν Νεῖλον ὄμβρους ἐκ τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν ὀρῶν συμβαίνειν.
But Posidonius objects to Polybius because the latter says that the inhabited region under the equator is the highest; for on a spherical surface there is no height because of its smoothness, nor indeed is the region under the equator mountainous, but rather a plain level with the surface of the sea, and the rains that fill the Nile come from the Ethiopian mountains.
ταῦτα δʼ εἰπὼν ἐνταῦθα ἐν ἄλλοις συγχωρεῖ, φήσας ὑπονοεῖν ὄρη εἶναι τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ ἰσημερινῷ, πρὸς ἃ ἑκατέρωθεν ἀπὸ τῶν εὐκράτων ἀμφοῖν προσπίπτοντα τὰ νέφη ποιεῖν τοὺς ὄμβρους.
And yet, having said these things here, in other passages he concedes the point, saying that he suspects there are mountains under the equator, against which the clouds, colliding from both temperate zones on either side, produce the rains.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἡ ἀνομολογία φανερά· ἀλλὰ καὶ δοθέντος τοῦ ὀρεινὴν εἶναι τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ ἰσημερινῷ, ἄλλη τις ἀνακύπτειν ἂν δόξειεν· οἱ γὰρ αὐτοὶ σύρρουν φασὶν εἶναι τὸν ὠκεανόν.
Now this contradiction is obvious; but even granting that the region under the equator is mountainous, another difficulty would seem to arise; for the same writers say that the ocean is continuous.
πῶς οὖν ὄρη κατὰ μέσον ἱδρύουσιν αὐτόν;
How, then, do they place mountains in the middle of it?
πλὴν εἰ νήσους τινὰς βούλονται λέγειν.
Unless, indeed, they mean to speak of certain islands.
ὅπως δὲ ποτε τοῦτʼ ἔχει, τῆς γεωγραφικῆς μερίδος ἔξω πίπτει· δοτέον δʼ ἴσως τῷ προθεμένῳ τὴν περὶ ὠκεανοῦ πραγματείαν ταῦτʼ ἐξετάζειν.
But however this may be, it falls outside the province of geography; and we should perhaps allow him who has proposed a treatise on the ocean to examine these matters.