§15.1.60τοὺς δὲ Γαρμᾶνας τοὺς μὲν ἐντιμοτάτους ὑλοβίους φησὶν ὀνομάζεσθαι, ζῶντας ἐν ταῖς ὕλαις ἀπὸ φύλλων καὶ καρπῶν ἀγρίων, * ἐσθῆτος φλοιῶν δενδρείων, ἀφροδισίων χωρὶς καὶ οἴνου· τοῖς δὲ βασιλεῦσι συνεῖναι, διʼ ἀγγέλων πυνθανομένοις περὶ τῶν αἰτίων καὶ διʼ ἐκείνων θεραπεύουσι καὶ λιτανεύουσι τὸ θεῖον.
Of the Garmanes, he says that the most honored are called "forest-dwellers" (Hylobioi), living in the forests on leaves and wild fruits, clothed in the bark of trees, abstaining from sexual pleasures and wine; and they associate with the kings, who inquire through messengers about the causes of things, and through them worship and supplicate the divine.
μετὰ δὲ τοὺς ὑλοβίους δευτερεύειν κατὰ τιμὴν τοὺς ἰατρικοὺς καὶ ὡς περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον φιλοσόφους, λιτοὺς μὲν μὴ ἀγραύλους δέ, ὀρύζῃ καὶ ἀλφίτοις τρεφομένους, ἃ παρέχειν αὐτοῖς πάντα τὸν αἰτηθέντα καὶ ὑποδεξάμενον ξενίᾳ· δύνασθαι δὲ καὶ πολυγόνους ποιεῖν καὶ ἀρρενογόνους καὶ θηλυγόνους διὰ φαρμακευτικῆς· τὴν δὲ ἰατρείαν διὰ σιτίων τὸ πλέον, οὐ διὰ φαρμάκων ἐπιτελεῖσθαι· τῶν φαρμάκων δὲ μάλιστα εὐδοκιμεῖν τὰ ἐπίχριστα καὶ τὰ καταπλάσματα, τἆλλα δὲ κακουργίας πολὺ μετέχειν.
Next to the forest-dwellers, the second in honor are the physicians, who are philosophers concerning man, frugal but not living in the open air, feeding on rice and barley-meal, which everyone whom they ask and who receives them with hospitality provides for them; and they are able to make people both highly fertile and parents of male or female children through medicine; and their healing is performed mostly through diet, and not through drugs; and of the drugs, the most highly esteemed are ointments and poultices, while the others participate much in harmfulness.
ἀσκεῖν δὲ καὶ τούτους κἀκείνους καρτερίαν τήν τε ἐν πόνοις καὶ τὴν ἐν ταῖς ἐπιμοναῖς, ὥστʼ ἐφʼ ἑνὸς σχήματος ἀκίνητον διατελέσαι τὴν ἡμέραν ὅλην.
Both these and the former practice endurance both in labors and in remaining in one position, so that they continue motionless in a single posture for the whole day.
ἄλλους δʼ εἶναι τοὺς μὲν μαντικοὺς καὶ ἐπῳδοὺς καὶ τῶν περὶ τοὺς κατοιχομένους λόγων καὶ νομίμων ἐμπείρους, ἐπαιτοῦντας κατὰ κώμας καὶ πόλεις, τοὺς δὲ χαριεστέρους μὲν τούτων καὶ ἀστειοτέρους, οὐδʼ αὐτοὺς δὲ ἀπεχομένους τῶν καθʼ ᾄδην θρυλουμένων ὅσα δοκεῖ πρὸς εὐσέβειαν καὶ ὁσιότητα· συμφιλοσοφεῖν δʼ ἐνίοις καὶ γυναῖκας ἀπεχομένας καὶ αὐτὰς ἀφροδισίων.
There are others who are diviners and incanters, and experienced in the lore and customs concerning the departed, begging through villages and cities; and others who are more cultured and refined than these, but even they do not abstain from the common talk about Hades, as much as seems to contribute to piety and holiness; and with some of them, women also philosophize, they too abstaining from sexual pleasures.
§15.1.61Ἀριστόβουλος δὲ τῶν ἐν Ταξίλοις σοφιστῶν ἰδεῖν δύο φησί, Βραχμᾶνας ἀμφοτέρους, τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον ἐξυρημένον τὸν δὲ νεώτερον κομήτην, ἀμφοτέροις δʼ ἀκολουθεῖν μαθητάς· τὸν μὲν οὖν ἄλλον χρόνον κατʼ ἀγορὰν διατρίβειν, τιμωμένους ἀντὶ συμβούλων, ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντας ὅ τι βούλονται τῶν ὠνίων φέρεσθαι δωρεάν· ὅτῳ δʼ ἂν προσίωσι, καταχεῖν αὐτῶν τοῦ σησαμίνου λίπους ὥστε καὶ κατὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων ῥεῖν· τοῦ τε μέλιτος πολλοῦ προκειμένου καὶ τοῦ σησάμου μάζας ποιουμένους τρέφεσθαι δωρεάν· παρερχομένους δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τράπεζαν, παραστάντας δειπνεῖν καρτερίαν διδάσκειν, παραχωροῦντας εἴς τινα τόπον πλησίον, ὅπου τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον πεσόντα ὕπτιον ἀνέχεσθαι τῶν ἡλίων καὶ τῶν ὄμβρων (ἤδη γὰρ ὕειν ἀρχομένου τοῦ ἔαρος), τὸν δʼ ἑστάναι μονοσκελῆ ξύλον ἐπηρμένον ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσὶν ὅσον τρίπηχυ, κάμνοντος δὲ τοῦ σκέλους ἐπὶ θάτερον μεταφέρειν τὴν βάσιν καὶ διατελεῖν οὕτως τὴν ἡμέραν ὅλην· φανῆναι δʼ ἐγκρατέστερον μακρῷ τὸν νεώτερον· συνακολουθήσαντα γὰρ μικρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ ταχὺ ἀναστρέψαι πάλιν ἐπʼ οἴκου, μετιόντος τε αὐτὸν κελεῦσαι ἥκειν εἴτου βούλεται τυγχάνειν· τὸν δὲ συναπᾶραι μέχρι τέλους καὶ μεταμφιάσασθαι καὶ μεταθέσθαι τὴν δίαιταν συνόντα τῷ βασιλεῖ· ἐπιτιμώμενον δʼ ὑπό τινων λέγειν ὡς ἐκπληρώσειε τὰ τετταράκοντα ἔτη τῆς ἀσκήσεως, ἃ ὑπέσχετο, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ δοῦναι δωρεάν.
Aristobulus says that he saw two of the sophists in Taxila, both Brahmans, the older one shaven and the younger one with long hair, and disciples followed both of them; now, for the rest of the time, they spent their time in the market-place, being honored as counselors, having the privilege of taking free of charge whatever they wished of the things for sale; and to whomever they approached, they poured sesame oil over them so that it flowed even down over their eyes; and when much honey and sesame were laid out, they made cakes and fed for free; and they also came to the table of Alexander, standing by as he dined and teaching endurance, retiring to a certain place nearby, where the older one, falling on his back, endured the sun and the rains (for the spring was already beginning to rain), and the other stood on one leg, holding up a piece of wood with both hands about three cubits long, and when his leg grew tired, he transferred his support to the other and continued in this way the whole day; and the younger appeared far more self-controlled; for having followed the king a little way, he quickly returned home again, and when the king sent for him, he ordered him to come if he wished to obtain anything; but he (the other one) accompanied him to the end, changed his clothing, and altered his way of life while living with the king; and when censured by some, he said that he had completed the forty years of discipline which he had promised, and Alexander gave gifts to his children.
§15.1.62τῶν δʼ ἐν Ταξίλοις νομίμων καινὰ καὶ ἀήθη λέγει τό τε τοὺς μὴ δυναμένους ἐκδιδόναι τὰς παῖδας ὑπὸ πενίας προάγειν εἰς ἀγορὰν ἐν ἀκμῇ τῆς ὥρας, κόχλῳ τε καὶ τυμπάνοις οἷσπερ καὶ τὸ πολεμικὸν σημαίνουσιν ὄχλου προσκληθέντος, τῷ δὲ προσελθόντι τὰ ὀπίσθια πρῶτον ἀνασύρεσθαι μέχρι τῶν ὤμων εἶτα τὰ πρόσθεν, ἀρέσασαν δὲ καὶ συμπεισθεῖσαν ἐφʼ οἷς ἂν δοκῇ συνοικεῖν· καὶ τὸ γυψὶ ῥίπτεσθαι τὸν τετελευτηκότα.
Of the customs in Taxila, he tells of strange and unusual ones, such as that those who are unable to give their daughters in marriage because of poverty lead them into the market-place in the prime of their youth, and when a crowd has been summoned by a shell and drums, with which they also signal for war, to the one who approaches, her posterior parts are first uncovered up to the shoulders, and then her front parts, and if she pleases him and she is persuaded on whatever terms seem good, they live together; and also that the dead are thrown to vultures.
τὸ δὲ πλείους ἔχειν γυναῖκας κοινὸν καὶ ἄλλων.
Having many wives is common to others as well.
παρά τισι δʼ ἀκούειν φησὶ καὶ συγκατακαιομένας τὰς γυναῖκας τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἀσμένας, τὰς δὲ μὴ ὑπομενούσας ἀδοξεῖν.
And among some, he says he hears that the wives are gladly burned together with their husbands, and those who do not submit to it are in disrepute.
εἴρηται καὶ ἄλλοις ταῦτα.
These things have been said by others as well.
§15.1.63Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ πεμφθῆναί φησιν αὐτὸς διαλεξόμενος τοῖς σοφισταῖς τούτοις· ἀκούειν γὰρ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ὡς γυμνοὶ διατελοῖεν καὶ καρτερίας ἐπιμελοῖντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐν τιμῇ τε ἄγοιντο πλείστῃ, παρʼ ἄλλους δὲ μὴ βαδίζοιεν κληθέντες, ἀλλὰ κελεύοιεν ἐκείνους φοιτᾶν παρʼ αὐτούς, εἴ του μετασχεῖν ἐθέλοιεν τῶν πραττομένων ἢ λεγομένων ὑπʼ αὐτῶν· τοιούτων δὴ ὄντων, ἐπειδὴ οὔτε αὐτῷ πρέπειν ἐδόκει παρʼ ἐκείνους φοιτᾶν οὔτε ἐκείνους βιάζεσθαι παρὰ τὰ πάτρια ποιεῖν τι ἄκοντας, αὐτὸς ἔφη πεμφθῆναι.
And Onesicritus says that he himself was sent to converse with these sophists; for Alexander heard that the men continued naked and practiced endurance, and were held in the greatest honor, and did not go to others when called, but commanded them to come to them if they wished to participate in anything done or said by them; such being the case, since it did not seem fitting for him to go to them, nor to force them to do anything against their ancestral customs, he says that he himself was sent.
καταλαβεῖν δὲ ἄνδρας πεντεκαίδεκα ἀπὸ σταδίων εἴκοσι τῆς πόλεως, ἄλλον ἐν ἄλλῳ σχήματι ἑστῶτα ἢ καθήμενον ἢ κείμενον γυμνὸν ἀκίνητον ἕως ἑσπέρας, εἶτʼ ἀπερχόμενον εἰς τὴν πόλιν· χαλεπώτατον δʼ εἶναι τὸ τὸν ἥλιον ὑπομεῖναι οὕτω θερμὸν ὥστε τῶν ἄλλων μηδένα ὑπομένειν γυμνοῖς ἐπιβῆναι τοῖς ποσὶ τῆς γῆς ῥᾳδίως κατὰ μεσημβρίαν.
And he found fifteen men twenty stadia from the city, one standing in one posture and another in another, or sitting, or lying naked and motionless until evening, and then returning to the city; and the hardest thing was to endure the sun, which was so hot that no one else could easily walk on the ground with bare feet at midday.