§3.14.7τὰ δὲ ἄλλα εἴδη οἷς χρῶνται, ἰατρεύματα καὶ κοινά.
The other types which they use are remedies and are common.
λέγεται δὲ ταῦτα ἔκ τε τοῦ λέγοντος καὶ τοῦ ἀκροατοῦ καὶ τοῦ πράγματος καὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου περὶ αὐτοῦ μὲν καὶ τοῦ ἀντιδίκου οἷά περ διαβολὴν λῦσαι καὶ ποιῆσαι (ἔστιν δὲ οὐχ ὁμοίως· ἀπολογουμένῳ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτον τὰ πρὸς διαβολήν, κατηγοροῦντι δʼ ἐν τῷ ἐπιλόγῳ·
These are derived from the speaker, the hearer, the subject, and the opponent, in respect to the speaker himself and the adversary, such as removing or creating a prejudice (though this is not done in the same way; for to the defender what relates to prejudice comes first, but to the accuser in the epilogue.
διʼ ὃ δέ, οὐκ ἄδηλον· τὸν μὲν γὰρ ἀπολογούμενον, ὅταν μέλλῃ εἰσάξειν αὑτόν, ἀναγκαῖον ἀνελεῖν τὰ κωλύοντα, ὥστε λυτέον πρῶτον τὴν διαβολήν· τῷ δὲ διαβάλλοντι ἐν τῷ ἐπιλόγῳ διαβλητέον, ἵνα μνημονεύσωσι μᾶλλον).
The reason for this is not unclear: for the defender, when he is about to introduce himself, must of necessity remove all obstacles, so that he must first clear away the prejudice; whereas the accuser must create prejudice in the epilogue, so that they may remember it better).
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἀκροατὴν ἔκ τε τοῦ εὔνουν ποιῆσαι καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ὀργίσαι, καὶ ἐνίοτε τὸ προσεκτικὸν ἢ τοὐναντίον· οὐ γὰρ ἀεὶ συμφέρει ποιεῖν προσεκτικόν, διὸ πολλοὶ εἰς γέλωτα πειρῶνται προάγειν.
The things addressed to the hearer are derived from making him well-disposed, or from making him angry, and sometimes from making him attentive, or the opposite; for it is not always advantageous to make him attentive, which is why many try to lead them to laughter.
εἰς δὲ εὐμάθειαν ἅπαντα ἀνάξει, ἐάν τις βούληται, καὶ τὸ ἐπιεικῆ φαίνεσθαι· προσέχουσι γὰρ μᾶλλον τούτοις.
One can reduce everything, if one wishes, to facilitating comprehension, as well as appearing respectable; for they pay more attention to such persons.
προσεκτικοὶ δὲ τοῖς μεγάλοις, τοῖς ἰδίοις, τοῖς θαυμαστοῖς, τοῖς ἡδέσιν· διὸ δεῖ ἐμποιεῖν ὡς περὶ τοιούτων ὁ λόγος·
They are attentive to things that are great, personal, wonderful, or pleasant; therefore, one must instill the belief that the speech is about such things.
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ προσεκτικούς, ὅτι μικρόν, ὅτι οὐδὲν πρὸς ἐκείνους, ὅτι λυπηρόν.
But if one wishes to make them inattentive, they must represent that the matter is small, has nothing to do with them, or is painful.
§3.14.8δεῖ δὲ μὴ λανθάνειν ὅτι πάντα ἔξω τοῦ λόγου τὰ τοιαῦτα· πρὸς φαῦλον γὰρ ἀκροατὴν καὶ τὰ ἔξω τοῦ πράγματος ἀκούοντα·
But one must not fail to notice that all such things are outside the speech; for they are addressed to a low-grade hearer and one who listens to things outside the subject.
ἐπεὶ ἂν μὴ τοιοῦτος ᾖ, οὐθὲν δεῖ προοιμίου, ἀλλʼ ἢ ὅσον τὸ πρᾶγμα εἰπεῖν κεφαλαιωδῶς, ἵνα ἔχῃ ὥσπερ σῶμα κεφαλήν.
For if the hearer is not of this kind, there is no need of an introduction, except so far as to state the matter in summary, so that the body, as it were, may have a head.
§3.14.9ἔτι τὸ προσεκτικοὺς ποιεῖν πάντων τῶν μερῶν κοινόν, ἐὰν δέῃ· πανταχοῦ γὰρ ἀνιᾶσι μᾶλλον ἢ ἀρχόμενοι·
Furthermore, making them attentive is common to all parts of the speech, if necessary; for everywhere they relax more than at the beginning.
διὸ γελοῖον ἐν ἀρχῇ τάττειν, ὅτε μάλιστα πάντες προσέχοντες ἀκροῶνται·
Therefore, it is ridiculous to place this at the beginning, when everyone is listening with the greatest attention.
ὥστε ὅπου ἂν ᾖ καιρός, λεκτέον
καί μοι προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν· οὐθὲν γὰρ μᾶλλον ἐμὸν ἢ ὑμέτερον
, καὶ
ἐρῶ γὰρ ὑμῖν οἷον οὐδεπώποτε ἀκηκόατε δεινὸν ἢ οὕτω θαυμαστόν
. τοῦτο δʼ ἐστίν, ὥσπερ ἔφη Πρόδικος, ὅτε νυστάζοιεν οἱ ἀκροαταί, παρεμβάλλειν τι τῆς πεντηκονταδράχμου αὐτοῖς.
Thus, wherever there is an opportunity, one should say: "And pay attention to me; for it is no more mine than yours," and "For I am going to tell you something such as you have never heard, so terrible or so wonderful." This is, as Prodicus used to say, when the hearers were nodding, to slip in a bit of his fifty-drachma lecture to them.
§3.14.10ὅτι δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἀκροατὴν οὐχ ᾗπερ ἀκροατής, δῆλον· πάντες γὰρ ἢ διαβάλλουσιν ἢ φόβους ἀπολύονται ἐν τοῖς προοιμίοις·
But that these things are addressed to the hearer not as a mere hearer is clear; for everyone in their introductions either creates a prejudice or removes their fears.
"
ἄναξ, ἐρῶ μὲν οὐχ ὅπως σπουδῆς ὕπο,
"
"
τί φροιμιάζῃ; ,
"
καὶ οἱ πονηρὸν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔχοντες ἢ δοκοῦντες· πανταχοῦ γὰρ βέλτιον διατρίβειν ἢ ἐν τῷ πράγματι, διὸ οἱ δοῦλοι οὐ τὰ ἐρωτώμενα λέγουσιν ἀλλὰ τὰ κύκλῳ, καὶ προοιμιάζονται.
"O king, I will not say that I come in hot haste," "Why do you make a prelude?" And those who have a bad case, or are thought to have one, do the same; for it is better for them to dwell on anything rather than on the subject itself, which is why slaves do not answer the questions asked but speak of surrounding matters, and make preludes.
§3.14.11πόθεν δʼ εὔνους δεῖ ποιεῖν, εἴρηται, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον τῶν τοιούτων.
How one must make the hearers well-disposed has been explained, and each of the other such things as well.
ἐπεὶ δʼ εὖ λέγεται
"
δός μʼ ἐς Φαίηκας φίλον ἐλθεῖν ἠδʼ ἐλεεινόν,
"
τούτων δεῖ δύο στοχάζεσθαι.
And since it is well said: "Grant that I may come to the Phaeacians as one loved and pitied," one must aim at these two things.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐπιδεικτικοῖς οἴεσθαι δεῖ ποιεῖν συνεπαινεῖσθαι τὸν ἀκροατήν, ἢ αὐτὸν ἢ γένος ἢ ἐπιτηδεύματʼ αὐτοῦ ἢ ἄλλως γέ πως· ὃ γὰρ λέγει Σωκράτης ἐν τῷ ἐπιταφίῳ, ἀληθές, ὅτι οὐ χαλεπὸν Ἀθηναίους ἐν Ἀθηναίοις ἐπαινεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἐν Λακεδαιμονίοις. §3.14.12τὰ δὲ τοῦ δημηγορικοῦ ἐκ τῶν τοῦ δικανικοῦ λόγου ἐστίν, φύσει δὲ ἥκιστα ἔχει· καὶ γὰρ καὶ περὶ οὗ ἴσασιν, καὶ οὐδὲν δεῖται τὸ πρᾶγμα προοιμίου, ἀλλʼ ἢ διʼ αὐτὸν ἢ τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας, ἢ ἐὰν μὴ ἡλίκον βούλει ὑπολαμβάνωσιν, ἀλλʼ ἢ μεῖζον ἢ ἔλαττον, διὸ ἢ διαβάλλειν ἢ ἀπολύεσθαι ἀνάγκη, καὶ ἢ αὐξῆσαι ἢ μειῶσαι.
And in epideictic speeches, one must make the hearer believe that he shares in the praise, either himself, or his family, or his pursuits, or in some other way; for what Socrates says in his Funeral Oration is true, that "it is not difficult to praise Athenians among Athenians, but among Lacedaemonians." The introductions of deliberative speeches are derived from those of judicial speeches, but by nature they have least need of them; for they are about what they already know, and the subject itself needs no introduction, except on account of the speaker himself, or his opponents, or if they do not conceive the matter to be of the size you wish, but either greater or smaller, wherefore it is necessary either to create or remove prejudice, and either to amplify or minimize.
τούτων δὲ ἕνεκα προοιμίου δεῖται, ἢ κόσμου χάριν, ὡς αὐτοκάβδαλα φαίνεται ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ.
It is for these reasons that it needs an introduction, or for the sake of ornament, since it appears makeshift if it does not have one.
τοιοῦτον γὰρ τὸ Γοργίου ἐγκώμιον εἰς Ἠλείους· οὐδὲν γὰρ προεξαγκωνίσας οὐδὲ προανακινήσας εὐθὺς ἄρχεται
Ἦλις, πόλις εὐδαίμων
.
For such is Gorgias' encomium on the Eleans; for without any preliminary movement or warming up, he begins immediately: "Elis, happy city."