§2.4#2καὶ συμβαίνει τοῦτο πολλάκις, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος, ἐὰν ἡ ἄνω κοιλία ξηρὰ ᾖ, τὴν κάτω ἐναντίως διακεῖσθαι, καὶ ταύτης ξηρᾶς οὔσης ὑγρὰν εἶναι τὴν ἄνω καὶ ψυχράν, οὕτω καὶ περὶ τοὺς τόπους ἀντιπεριίστασθαι καὶ μεταβάλλειν τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις.
And this often happens, just as in the body, if the upper cavity is dry, the lower is contrariwise disposed, and when this latter is dry the upper is moist and cold, so too concerning places the exhalations reciprocally replace one another and change.
ἔτι δὲ μετά τε τοὺς ὄμβρους ἄνεμος ὡς τὰ πολλὰ γίγνεται ἐν ἐκείνοις τοῖς τόποις καθ᾿ οὓς ἂν συμπέσῃ γενέσθαι τοὺς ὄμβρους, καὶ τὰ πνεύματα παύεται ὕδατος γενομένου.
Moreover, after rains a wind generally arises in those places where it happens that the rains occurred, and winds cease when water has fallen.
ταῦτα γὰρ ἀνάγκη συμβαίνειν διὰ τὰς εἰρημένας ἀρχάς· ὕσαντός τε γὰρ ἡ γῆ ξηραινομένη ὑπό τε τοῦ ἐν αὐτῇ θερμοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἄνωθεν ἀναθυμιᾶται, τοῦτο δ᾿ ἦν ἀνέμου σῶμα·
For these things must happen because of the stated principles: for when it has rained, the earth, being dried both by the heat within it and by that from above, exhales; and this was the body of wind.
καὶ ὅταν ἡ τοιαύτη ἀπόκρισις ᾖ καὶ ἄνεμοι κατέχωσι, παυομένων διὰ τὸ ἀποκρίνεσθαι τὸ θερμὸν ἀεὶ καὶ ἀναφέρεσθαι εἰς τὸν ἄνω τόπον συνίσταται ἡ ἀτμὶς ψυχομένη καὶ γίγνεται ὕδωρ· καὶ ὅταν εἰς ταὐτὸν συνωσθῶσι τὰ νέφη καὶ ἀντιπεριστῇ εἰς αὐτὰ ἡ ψύξις, ὕδωρ γίγνεται καὶ καταψύχει τὴν ξηρὰν ἀναθυμίασιν.
And when such secretion exists and winds prevail, when they cease, because the heat is always secreted and carried to the upper region, the vapor, being cooled, condenses and becomes water; and when the clouds are driven together into the same place and the cold is reciprocally surrounded into them, water is formed and cools the dry exhalation.
παύουσί τε οὖν τὰ ὕδατα γιγνόμενα τοὺς ἀνέμους, καὶ παυομένων αὐτὰ γίγνεται διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας.
And so the waters as they form cease the winds, and when the winds cease, they arise, because of these causes.
ἔτι δὲ τοῦ γίγνεσθαι μάλιστα πνεύματα ἀπό τε τῆς ἄρκτου καὶ μεσημβρίας τὸ αὐτὸ αἴτιον· πλεῖστοι γὰρ βορέαι καὶ νότοι γίγνονται τῶν ἀνέμων·
Moreover, the cause of winds arising most of all from the north and from the south is the same: for northerly and southerly winds are the most numerous of the winds.
ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος τούτους μόνους οὐκ ἐπέρχεται τοὺς τόπους, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τούτους καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων, ἐπὶ δυσμὰς δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἀνατολὰς ἀεὶ φέρεται·
For the sun does not visit these regions alone, but moves towards them and away from them, while it is always carried to the west and to the east.
διὸ τὰ νέφη συνίσταται ἐν τοῖς πλαγίοις, καὶ γίγνεται προσιόντος μὲν ἡ ἀναθυμίασις τοῦ ὑγροῦ, ἀπιόντος δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἐναντίον τόπον ὕδατα καὶ χειμῶνες.
Therefore clouds condense in the lateral regions, and when the sun approaches, the exhalation of the moist occurs, but when it departs to the opposite region, waters and wintry storms occur.
διὰ μὲν οὖν τὴν φορὰν τὴν ἐπὶ τροπὰς καὶ ἀπὸ τροπῶν θέρος γίγνεται καὶ χειμών, καὶ ἀνάγεταί τε ἄνω τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ γίγνεται πάλιν·
So because of the motion towards the solstices and away from them, summer and winter occur, and water is both drawn up and is formed again.
ἐπεὶ δὲ πλεῖστον μὲν καταβαίνει ὕδωρ ἐν τούτοις τοῖς τόποις ἐφ᾿ οὓς τρέπεται καὶ ἀφ᾿ ὧν, οὗτοι δέ εἰσιν ὅ τε πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ μεσημβρίαν, ὅπου δὲ πλεῖστον ὕδωρ ἡ γῆ δέχεται, ἐνταῦθα πλείστην ἀναγκαῖον γίγνεσθαι τὴν ἀναθυμίασιν παραπλησίως οἷον ἐκ χλωρῶν ξύλων καπνόν, ἡ δ᾿ ἀναθυμίασις αὕτη ἄνεμός ἐστιν, εὐλόγως ἂν οὖν ἐντεῦθεν γίγνοιτο τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ κυριώτατα τῶν πνευμάτων.
And since most water descends in those regions towards which it turns and from which it turns, and these are the north and the south, and where the earth receives most water, there the greatest exhalation must arise, similarly as smoke from green wood, and this exhalation is wind, it is reasonable then that from there the most numerous and strongest of the winds should arise.
καλοῦνται δ᾿ οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄρκτου βορέαι, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας νότοι.
And those from the north are called Boreae, and those from the south, Notoi.
ἡ δὲ φορὰ λοξὴ αὐτῶν ἐστιν· περὶ γὰρ τὴν γῆν πνέουσιν εἰς ὀρθὸν γιγνομένης τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως, ὅτι πᾶς ὁ κύκλῳ ἀὴρ συνέπεται τῇ φορᾷ.
And their motion is oblique: for they blow around the earth, although the exhalation arises vertically, because all the surrounding air follows the motion.
διὸ καὶ ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις ποτέρωθεν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῶν πνευμάτων ἐστί, πότερον ἄνωθεν ἢ κάτωθεν·
Wherefore one might also raise a difficulty, from which of the two directions is the starting point of the winds, whether from above or from below.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ κίνησις ἄνωθεν καὶ πρὶν πνεῖν, ὁ δ᾿ ἀὴρ ἐπίδηλος, κἂν ᾖ νέφος ἀχλύς· σημαίνει γὰρ κινουμένην πνεύματος ἀρχὴν πρὶν φανερῶς ἐληλυθέναι τὸν ἄνεμον, ὡς ἄνωθεν αὐτῶν ἐχόντων τὴν ἀρχήν.
For the motion is from above and even before they blow, the air is manifest, even if there is a cloud or mist; for it signifies a moving origin of wind before the wind has manifestly come, as if they had their origin from above.
ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἐστὶν ἄνεμος πλῆθός τι τῆς ξηρᾶς ἐκ γῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως κινούμενον περὶ τὴν γῆν, δῆλον ὅτι τῆς μὲν κινήσεως ἡ ἀρχὴ ἄνωθεν, τῆς δὲ ὕλης καὶ τῆς γενέσεως κάτωθεν·
But since wind is a certain quantity of the dry exhalation from the earth moving around the earth, it is clear that the starting point of the motion is from above, but that of the matter and generation is from below.
ᾗ μὲν γὰρ ῥευσεῖται τὸ ἀνιόν, ἐκεῖθεν τὸ αἴτιον· ἡ γὰρ φορὰ τῶν πορρωτέρω κυρία τῆς γῆς· καὶ ἅμα κάτωθεν μὲν εἰς ὀρθὸν ἀναφέρεται, καὶ πᾶν ἰσχύει μᾶλλον ἐγγύς, ἡ δὲ τῆς γενέσεως ἀρχὴ δῆλον ὡς ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐστιν.
For the cause is from where the ascending matter will flow; for the motion of the more distant things is master of the earth; and at the same time, from below indeed it is carried up vertically, and everything is stronger near its source, but the origin of generation is clearly from the earth.
ὅτι δ᾿ ἐκ πολλῶν ἀναθυμιάσεων συνιουσῶν κατὰ μικρόν, ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν ποταμῶν ἀρχαὶ γίγνονται νοτιζούσης τῆς γῆς, δῆλον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων·
And that it arises from many exhalations gathering little by little, just as the sources of rivers are formed when the earth becomes wet, is clear also from the facts.
ὅθεν γὰρ ἐκάστοτε πνέουσιν, ἐλάχιστοι πάντες εἰσί, προϊόντες δὲ καὶ πόρρω λαμπροὶ πνέουσιν.
For from wherever they blow in each case, they are all very small, but as they proceed and go further, they blow strongly.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι νήνεμα καὶ ἄπνοα, κατ᾿ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον· ἀλλὰ τὸ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀποπνέον καὶ λανθάνον ἔξω προϊὸν ἤδη πνεῦμα γίγνεται λαμπρόν.
Moreover, the regions around the north are calm and windless in winter, in that very place; but that which breathes out little by little and is unnoticed, as it goes outward, already becomes a strong wind.
τίς μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ ἀνέμου φύσις καὶ πῶς γίγνεται, ἔτι δὲ αὐχμῶν τε πέρι καὶ ἐπομβρίας, καὶ διὰ τίν᾿ αἰτίαν καὶ παύονται καὶ γίγνονται μετὰ τοὺς ὄμβρους, διὰ τί τε βορέαι καὶ νότοι πλεῖστοι τῶν ἀνέμων εἰσίν, εἴρηται· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ περὶ τῆς φορᾶς αὐτῶν.
What indeed the nature of wind is and how it arises, and also concerning droughts and rainfall, and for what cause they both cease and arise after rains, and why northerly and southerly winds are the most numerous of the winds, has been said; and in addition to these, also concerning their motion.