§2.8#2τοῦτον μὲν οὖν τὸν τρόπον οὔτε περὶ τῶν ἄλλων δεῖ ζητεῖν οὔτε περὶ τῶν φυσικῶν· ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων τῷ γένει τῷ τῶν ἵππων καὶ τῷ τῶν ὄνων θεωρῶν ἄν τις μᾶλλον λάβοι τὴν αἰτίαν, ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν ἐστὶ μονοτόκον ἐκ τῶν συγγενῶν ζῴων, ἔπειτ’ οὐ συλληπτικὰ τὰ θήλεα ἐκ τῶν ἀρρένων ἀεί, διόπερ τοὺς ἴππους διαλείποντες ὀχεύουσι διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι συνεχῶς φέρειν.
Therefore, one should not seek the cause in this way either for other things or for natural things; rather, by observing from the properties inherent in the genus of horses and that of asses, one might better grasp the cause. First, each of them is uniparous when breeding with its own kind. Second, the females do not always conceive from the males, which is why people breed horses after an interval, because they cannot continuously carry a pregnancy.
ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν ἵππος οὐ καταμηνιώδης, ἀλλ’ ἐλάχιστον προΐεται τῶν τετραπόδων· ἡ δ’ ὄνος οὐ δέχεται τὴν ὀχείαν, ἀλλ’ ἐξουρεῖ τὸν γόνον, διὸ μαστιγοῦσιν ἀκολουθοῦντες.
Moreover, the mare does not have menstrual discharges, but emits the least among quadrupeds, while the female ass does not accept the mating but urinates out the seed, wherefore people follow and whip them.
ἔτι δὲ ψυχρὸν τὸ ζῷον ὁ ὂνος ἐστί, διόπερ ἐν τοῖς χειμερινοῖς οὐ θέλει γίνεσθαι τόποις διὰ τὸ δύσριγον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν, οἷον περὶ Σκύθας καὶ τὴν ὅμορον χώραν, οὐδὲ περὶ Κελτοὺς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἰβηρίας· ψυχρὰ γὰρ καὶ αὕτη ἡ χώρα.
Furthermore, the ass is a cold animal, which is why it does not wish to live in wintry places because its nature is sensitive to cold, such as in Scythia and the neighboring country, nor near the Celts beyond Iberia, for this country is also cold.
διὰ ταύτην δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὰ ὀχεῖα ἐπιβάλλουσι τοῖς ὄνοις οὐχ ὥσπερ τοῖς ἵπποις κατ’ ἰσημερίαν, ἀλλὰ περὶ τροπὰς θερινάς, ὅπως ἐν ἀλεεινῇ γίνηται ὥρᾳ τὰ πωλία· ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ γὰρ γίνεται ἐν ᾗ ἂν ὀχευθῇ· ἐνιαυτὸν γὰρ κύει καὶ ἵππος καὶ ὄνος.
For this reason, they also put the stallions to the asses not at the equinox as they do to the horses, but around the summer solstice, so that the foals may be born in a warm season; for they are born in the same season in which they are bred, since both the horse and the ass carry the pregnancy for a year.
ὄντος δ’ ὥσπερ εἴρηται ψυχροῦ τὴν φύσιν, καὶ τὴν γονὴν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τοῦ τοιούτου ψυχράν. σημεῖον δὲ τούτου·
Since its nature is cold, as has been said, it is necessary that the seed of such an animal also be cold.
διὰ τοῦτο γάρ, ἐὰν μὲν ἵππος ἀναβῇ ἐπὶ ὠχευμένην ὑπὸ ὄνου, οὐ διαφθείρει τὴν τοῦ ὄνου ὀχείαν, ὁ δ’ ὄνος ἐὰν ἐπαναβῇ, διαφθείρει τὴν τοῦ ἵππου διὰ ψυχρότητα τὴν τοῦ σπέρματος.
A sign of this is that if a horse mounts a female already bred by an ass, it does not destroy the mating of the ass, but if the ass mounts afterwards, it destroys that of the horse because of the coldness of its semen.
ὅταν μὲν οὖν ἀλλήλοις μιχθῶσι, σώζεται διὰ τὴν θατέρου θερμότητα.
Therefore, when they are mixed with each other, the embryo is preserved because of the warmth of one of them.
θερμότερον γὰρ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου ἀποκρινόμενον· ἡ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ὅνου ψυχρὰ καὶ ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἡ γονή, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ἵππου θερμοτέρα.
For that which is secreted from the horse is warmer; the secretion of the ass is cold, both the matter and the seed, but that of the horse is warmer.
ὅταν δὲ μιχθῇ ἢ θερμὸν ἐπὶ ψυχρὸν ἤ ψυχρὸν ἐπὶ θερμόν, συμβαίνει αὐτὸ μὲν τὸ ἐκ τούτων κύημα γίνομενον σώζεσθαι καὶ ταῦτ’ ἐξ ἀλλήλων εἶναι γόνιμα, τὸ δ’ ἐκ τούτων μηκέτι γόνιμον ἀλλ’ ἄγονον εἰς τελειογονίαν.
But when they are mixed, whether warm upon cold or cold upon warm, it happens that the embryo produced from these is preserved and these are fertile from one another, but the offspring from these is no longer fertile but sterile with respect to complete reproduction.
ὅλως δ’ ὑπάρχοντος ἑκατέρου εὐφυοῦς πρὸς ἀγονίαν, τῷ τε γὰρ ὄνῳ ὑπάρχει τὰ ἄλλα τὰ εἰρημένα, καὶ ἐὰν μὴ μετὰ τὸν βόλον τὸν πρῶτον ἄρξηται γεννᾶν, οὐκέτι γεννᾷ τὸ παράπαν· οὕτως ἐπὶ μικροῦ ἔχεται τὸ ἄγονον εἶναι τὸ σῶμα τῶν ὄνων.
On the whole, since both animals are naturally prone to sterility—for the ass possesses the other mentioned characteristics, and if it does not begin to breed after the first shedding of teeth, it no longer breeds at all; so nearly does the body of asses border on being sterile.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ ἵππος· εὐφυὴς γὰρ πρὸς τὴν ἀγονίαν, καὶ τοσοῦτον λείπει τοῦ ἄγονος εἶναι ὅσον τὸ γενέσθαι τὸ ἐκ τούτου ψυχρότερον· τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται, ὅταν μιχθῇ τῇ τοῦ ὅου ἀποκρίσει.
Likewise also the horse; for it is naturally prone to sterility, and is only so far from being sterile as for its offspring to become colder, and this happens when it is mixed with the secretion of the ass.
καὶ ὁ ὄνος δὲ ὡσαύτως μικροῦ δεῖν κατὰ τὸν οἰκεῖον συνδυασμὸν ἄγονον γεννᾷ ὥστε ὅταν προσγένηται τὸ παρὰ φύσιν, εἰ τότε ἑνὸς μόλις γεννητικὸν ἐξ ἀλλήλων ἦν, τὸ ἐκ τούτων ἔτι μᾶλλον ἄγονον καὶ παρὰ φύσιν οὐθενὸς δεήσει τοῦ ἄγονον εἶναι, ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἔσται ἄγονον.
The ass too, in its own mating, almost breeds sterile offspring, so that when the mating contrary to nature is added, if at that time they were barely able to generate one offspring from each other, that which is produced from these will be still more sterile, and will need nothing more to be sterile, but will be sterile of necessity.
συμβαίνει δὲ καὶ τὰ σώματα τὰ τῶν ἡμιόνων μεγάλα γίνεσθαι διὰ τὸ τὴν ἀπόκρισιν τὴν εἰς τὰ καταμήνια τρέπεσθαι εἰς τὴν αὔξησιν.
It also happens that the bodies of mules become large because the secretion that would go to the menstrual discharges is diverted to growth.
ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐνιαύσιος ὁ τοκετὸς τῶν τοιούτων, οὐ μόνον συλλαβεῖν δεῖ τὴν ἡμίονον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκθρέψαι· τοῦτο δ’ ἀδύνατον μὴ γινομένων καταοὐδὲ μηνίων.
Since the gestation of such animals takes a year, the female mule must not only conceive but also nourish the embryo; but this is impossible without the occurrence of menstrual discharges.
ταῖς δ᾽ ἡμιόνοις οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ἄχπμστον μετὰ τοῦ περιττώματος τοῦ ἐκ τῆς κύστεως ἐκκρίνεται (διόπερ τῶν ἄθρῶν οἱ ἡμίονοι οἰ ἄρρενες ὁσφραίνονται τῶν θηλειῶν, ὥσπερ τἄλλα τὰ μώνυχα, ἀλλ’ αὐτοῦ τοῦ περιττώματος), τὰ δ’ ἄλλα τρέπεται εἰς τὴν αὔξησιν καὶ τὸ μέγεθος.
In female mules these do not occur, but the useless part is excreted with the residue from the bladder (wherefore the male mules smell the urine of the females, just as other solid-hoofed animals do, but they smell the residue itself), while the rest is diverted to growth and size.
ὥστε συλλαβεῖν μὲν ἐνδέχεταί ποτε τὴν θήλειαν, ὅπερ ἤδη φαίνεται γεγονός, ἐκθρέψαι δὲ καὶ ἐξενεγκεῖν εἰς τέλος ἀδύνατον.
Thus, while it is possible for the female to conceive at some time, which is known to have already happened, it is impossible for her to nourish and bring it to birth at the end.
ὁ δ ἄρρην ποτὲ γεννήσειεν ἂν διά τε τὸ θερμότερον εἶναι τοῦ θήλεος φύσει τὸ ἄρρεν, καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ συμβάλλεσθαι πρὸς τὴν μίξιν σῶμα μηδὲν τὸ ἄρρεν.
The male, however, might generate at some time because the male is by nature warmer than the female, and because the male contributes no body to the mixture.
τὸ δ’ ἀποτελεσθὲν γίνεται γῖννος.
But the result is a ginnus.
τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶν ἡμίονος ἀνάπηρος· καὶ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ ἵππου καὶ τοῦ ὄνου γίνονται γῖννοι, ὅταν νοσήσῃ τὸ κύημα ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ.
This is a deformed mule; for ginni are also produced from horse and ass when the embryo is diseased in the uterus.
ἔστι γὰρ ὁ γῖννος ὥσπερ τὰ μετάχοιρα ἐν τοῖς χοίροις· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τὸ πηρωθὲν ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ καλεῖται μετάχοιρον.
For the ginnus is like the metachoira among pigs; for there, too, the piglet deformed in the uterus is called a metachoiron.
γίνεται δὲ τοιοῦτος ὃς ἂν τύχη τῶν χοίρων.
And any of the piglets that happens to be so becomes such.
ὁμοίως δὲ γίνονται καὶ οἱ πυγμαῖοι· καὶ γὰρ οὔτοι πηροῦνται τὰ μέρη καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἐν τῇ κυήσει, καὶ εἰσὶν ὥσπερ μετάχοιρα καὶ γῖννοι.
Similarly, the pygmaei are also produced; for these too are deformed in their parts and size during gestation, and are like metachoira and ginni.