§2.1Τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ἐκ τούτων τῇ κράσει καὶ τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον γιγνόμενα πολλὰς καὶ ποικίλας ποιεῖ χρωμάτων φαντασίας.
The other colors, arising from these by mixture and by the degree of more and less, produce many and diverse appearances of colors.
Κατὰ μὲν τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον, ὥσπερ τὸ φοινικοῦν καὶ τὸ ἁλουργές, κατὰ δὲ τὴν κρᾶσιν, ὥσπερ τὸ λευκὸν καὶ τὸ μέλαν, ὅταν μιχθέντα φαιοῦ ποιήσῃ φαντασίαν.
According to the more and less, as is the case with crimson and purple, and according to mixture, as when white and black, being mixed, produce the appearance of gray.
Διὸ τὸ μέλαν καὶ σκιερὸν τῷ φωτὶ μιγνύμενον φοινικοῦν.
Therefore, black and shaded elements mixed with light become crimson.
§2.2Τὸ γὰρ μέλαν μιγνύμενον τῷ τε τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς φωτὶ θεωροῦμεν ἀεὶ γιγνόμενον φοινικοῦν, καὶ τὰ μέλανα πυρωθέντα πάντα εἰς χρῶμα μεταβάλλοντα φοινικοῦν· αἵ τε γὰρ καπνώδεις φλόγες καὶ οἱ ἄνθρακες, ὅταν ὦσι διακεκαυμένοι, φαίνονται χρῶμα ἔχοντες φοινικοῦν.
For we always observe black, when mixed with the light of the sun and of fire, becoming crimson, and all black things, when heated by fire, changing into a crimson color; for smoky flames and charcoal, when they are thoroughly burnt, appear to have a crimson color.
§2.3Τὸ δ᾽ ἁλουργὲς εὐανθὲς μὲν γίνεται καὶ λαμπρόν, ὅταν τῷ μετρίῳ λευκῷ καὶ σκιερῷ κραθῶσιν ἀσθενεῖς αἱ τοῦ ἡλίου αὐγαί.
And purple becomes bright and lustrous when weak rays of the sun are mixed with moderate whiteness and shadow.
Διὸ καὶ περὶ ἀνατολὰς καὶ δύσεις ὁ ἀὴρ πορφυροειδὴς ἔστιν ὅτε φαίνεται, περὶ ἀνατολὴν καὶ δύσιν ὄντος τοῦ ἡλίου· ἀσθενεῖς γὰρ οὖσαι τὸτε μάλιστα πρὸς σκιερὸν ὄντα τὸν ἀέρα προσβάλλουσιν.
Therefore also around sunrise and sunset the air sometimes appears purplish, when the sun is rising or setting; for being weak at that time, they strike upon the air which is shaded.
§2.4Φαίνεται δὲ καὶ ἡ θάλαττα πορφυροειδής, ὅταν τὰ κύματα μετεωριζόμενα κατὰ τὴν ἔγκλισιν σκιασθῇ· πρὸς γὰρ τὸν ταύτης κλισμὸν ἀσθενεῖς αἱ τοῦ ἡλίου αὐγαὶ προσβάλλουσαι ποιοῦσι φαίνεσθαι τὸ χρῶμα ἁλουργές.
The sea also appears purplish when the waves are raised up and shaded along their slope; for the weak rays of the sun, striking against this slope, make the color appear purple.
Ὃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πτερωμάτων θεωρεῖται γιγνόμενον· ἐντεινόμενα γάρ πως πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἁλουργὲς ἔχει τὸ χρῶμα.
This is also observed to happen on plumage; for when they are inclined in some way toward the light, they have a purple color.
§2.5Ἐλάττονος δὲ τοῦ φωτὸς προσβάλλοντος ζοφερόν, ὃ καλοῦσιν ὄρφνιον· πολὺ δὲ καὶ τῷ πρώτῳ μέλανι κραθὲν φοινικοῦν.
When less light strikes, it becomes dark, which they call orphnian; but mixed with much of the primary black, it becomes crimson.
Εὐανθὲς δ᾽ ὂν καὶ στίλβον εἰς τὸ φλογοειδὲς χρῶμα μεταβάλλει.
And when it is bright and shining, it changes into a flame-like color.
Κατὰ γὰρ τὴν πρὸς ἄλληλα κρᾶσιν οὕτως ληπτέον, ἐξ ὑποκειμένου τεθεωρημένου χρώματος ποιοῦντας τὴν μίξιν, ἀλλὰ μὴ πάντων ὁμοίαν γένεσιν ποιοῦντας.
For regarding their mixture with one another, it must be understood in this way, making the mixture from an underlying color already observed, and not making the generation of all colors in the same manner.
§2.6Ἔστι γὰρ τῶν χρωμάτων οὐχ ἁπλᾶ μέν, λόγον δ᾽ ἔχει πρός τινα τὸν αὐτὸν τῶν συνθέτων ὅνπερ τὰ ἁπλᾶ πρὸς ἑαυτά, διὰ τὸ τὰ ἁπλᾶ πρὸς μίξιν ἑνὸς ἔχειν, καὶ μὴ εὔσημον ἐν τῷ παντί, καὶ προστεθεωρημένον κατασκευάζειν ὁμοίως.
For there are some colors which, though not simple, have the same relation to certain of the compound colors as the simple colors have to one another, because the simple colors stand in a relation to the mixture of a single one, and are not easily distinguishable in the whole, and similarly prepare what is previously observed.
§2.7Τὴν γὰρ τοῦ ἁλουργοῦ ἢ φοινικιοῦ κρᾶσιν λέγοντας ἀνάγκη ὁμοίως τοῖς ἐκ τούτων μιγνυμένοις καὶ ποιοῦσιν ἄλλην χρόαν τὴν γένεσιν διηγεῖσθαι, καὶ μὴ ὁμοίαν ἔμφασιν ποιεῖν.
For those who speak of the mixture of purple or crimson must of necessity describe their generation in the same way as those things which are mixed from these and produce another color, and not make a similar appearance.
§2.8Διόπερ ἐκ τοῦ προκατεσκευασμένου ληπτέον καὶ θεωρητέον τὴν κρᾶσιν, οἷον ὅτι τὸ οἰνωπὸν χρῶμα γίνεται, ὅταν ἀκράτῳ τῷ μέλανι καὶ στίλβοντι κραθῶσιν αὐγαὶ ἠεροειδεῖς, ὥσπερ καὶ αἱ τῶν βοτρύων ῥᾶγες· καὶ γὰρ τούτων οἰνωπὸν φαίνεται τὸ χρῶμα ἐν τῷ πεπαίνεσθαι· μελαινομένων γὰρ τὸ φοινικοῦν εἰς τὸ ἁλουργὲς μεταβάλλει.
Therefore we must grasp and observe the mixture from what is previously prepared, as, for example, that the wine-colored shade occurs when misty rays are mixed with pure and shining black, just like the clusters of grapes; for their color appears wine-colored in ripening, since as they turn black, the crimson changes into purple.
§2.9Κατὰ δὲ τὸν ὑποδεδειγμένον τρόπον θεωρητέον πάσας τὰς τῶν χρωμάτων διαφοράς, ἐκ κινήσεως τὴν ὁμοιότητα λαμβάνοντας κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ φαινόμενον, τὴν ἐν ἑκάστῳ μίξιν ὁμοιοῦντας καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἐν γενέσει τινὶ καὶ κράσει ποιούντων φαντασίαν, καὶ πίστιν προσφερομένους.
And we must observe all the differences of colors according to the indicated method, taking the similarity from change according to the phenomenon itself, assimilating the mixture in each case to those things which produce an appearance in some specific generation and mixture, and offering proofs.
§2.10Δεῖ δὲ καὶ πάντων τούτων ποιεῖσθαι τὴν θεωρίαν μὴ καθάπερ οἱ ζωγράφοι τὰ χρώματα ταῦτα κεραννύντας, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων τὰς ἀνακλωμένας αὐγὰς πρὸς ἀλλήλας συμβάλλοντας· μάλιστα γὰρ δύναιτ᾽ ἄν τις κατὰ φύσιν θεωρῆσαι τὰς τῶν χρωμάτων κράσεις.
And we must make the investigation of all these things not by mixing these colors as painters do, but by comparing the reflected rays with one another from the things mentioned; for in this way one can best observe the mixtures of colors according to nature.
§2.11Τὰς δὲ πίστεις καὶ τὰ ὅμοια δεῖ ἐν οἷς ἡ γένεσις ἔσται φανερὰ τῶν χρωμάτων.
And we must find proofs and similar cases in those things wherein the generation of colors is manifest.
Ταῦτα δὲ μάλιστά ἐστι τό τ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου φῶς καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ ὁ ἀὴρ καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ· κεραννύμενα γὰρ τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ταῦτα μάλιστα πάσας ὡς εἰπεῖν τὰς χρόας ἀποτελεῖ.
And these are especially the light of the sun and of fire, and air and water; for these, being mixed in more and less degrees, produce, so to speak, almost all the colors.
§2.12Ἐπιληπτέον δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων χρωμάτων ταῖς αὐγαῖς κεραννυμένων τὴν ὁμοιότητα· οἱ γὰρ ἄνθρακες καὶ ὁ καπνὸς καὶ ὁ ἰὸς καὶ τὸ θεῖον καὶ τὰ πτερώματα κεραννύμενα τὰ μὲν ταῖς τοῦ ἡλίου αὐγαῖς, τὰ δὲ ταῖς τοῦ πυρός, πολλὰς καὶ ποικίλας ποιοῦσι μεταβολὰς χρωμάτων.
And we must grasp the similarity also from other colors being mixed with rays; for charcoal, smoke, rust, sulfur, and plumage, being mixed, some with the rays of the sun, and others with those of fire, produce many and diverse changes of colors.
Τὰ δὲ καὶ τῇ πέψει θεωρητέον, γινόμενα ἐν φυτοῖς καὶ καρποῖς καὶ τριχώμασι καὶ πτερώμασι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις πᾶσιν.
Moreover, those things occurring by concoction in plants, fruits, hair, plumage, and all such things, must also be observed.