§5.739ΑΘ. ἡ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο φορά, καθάπερ πεττῶν ἀφʼ ἱεροῦ, τῆς τῶν νόμων κατασκευῆς, ἀήθης οὖσα, τάχʼ ἂν θαυμάσαι τὸν ἀκούοντα τὸ πρῶτον ποιήσειεν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἀναλογιζομένῳ καὶ πειρωμένῳ φανεῖται δευτέρως ἂν πόλις οἰκεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον. τάχα δʼ οὐκ ἄν τις προσδέξαιτο αὐτὴν διὰ τὸ μὴ σύνηθες νομοθέτῃ μὴ τυραννοῦντι· τὸ δʼ ἔστιν ὀρθότατον εἰπεῖν μὲν τὴν ἀρίστην πολιτείαν καὶ δευτέραν καὶ τρίτην, δοῦναι δὲ εἰπόντα αἵρεσιν ἑκάστῳ τῷ τῆς συνοικήσεως κυρίῳ. ποιῶμεν δὴ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον καὶ τὰ νῦν ἡμεῖς, εἰπόντες ἀρετῇ πρώτην πολιτείαν καὶ δευτέραν καὶ τρίτην· τὴν δὲ αἵρεσιν Κλεινίᾳ τε ἀποδιδῶμεν τὰ νῦν καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος ἀεί ποτε ἐθελήσειεν ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν τοιούτων ἐκλογὴν ἐλθὼν κατὰ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ τρόπον ἀπονείμασθαι τὸ φίλον αὑτῷ τῆς αὑτοῦ πατρίδος. πρώτη μὲν τοίνυν πόλις τέ ἐστιν καὶ πολιτεία καὶ νόμοι ἄριστοι, ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν πόλιν ὅτι μάλιστα· λέγεται δὲ ὡς ὄντως ἐστὶ κοινὰ τὰ φίλων. τοῦτʼ οὖν εἴτε που νῦν ἔστιν εἴτʼ ἔσται ποτέ— κοινὰς μὲν γυναῖκας, κοινοὺς δὲ εἶναι παῖδας, κοινὰ δὲ χρήματα σύμπαντα—καὶ πάσῃ μηχανῇ τὸ λεγόμενον ἴδιον πανταχόθεν ἐκ τοῦ βίου ἅπαν ἐξῄρηται, μεμηχάνηται δʼ εἰς τὸ δυνατὸν καὶ τὰ φύσει ἴδια κοινὰ ἁμῇ γέ πῃ γεγονέναι, οἷον ὄμματα καὶ ὦτα καὶ χεῖρας κοινὰ μὲν ὁρᾶν δοκεῖν καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ πράττειν, ἐπαινεῖν τʼ αὖ καὶ ψέγειν καθʼ ἓν ὅτι μάλιστα σύμπαντας ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς χαίροντας καὶ λυπουμένους, καὶ κατὰ δύναμιν οἵτινες νόμοι μίαν ὅτι μάλιστα πόλιν ἀπεργάζονται, τούτων ὑπερβολῇ πρὸς ἀρετὴν οὐδείς ποτε ὅρον ἄλλον θέμενος ὀρθότερον οὐδὲ βελτίω θήσεται. ἡ μὲν δὴ τοιαύτη πόλις, εἴτε που θεοὶ ἢ παῖδες θεῶν αὐτὴν οἰκοῦσι πλείους ἑνός, οὕτω διαζῶντες εὐφραινόμενοι κατοικοῦσι· διὸ δὴ παράδειγμά γε πολιτείας οὐκ ἄλλῃ χρὴ σκοπεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἐχομένους ταύτης τὴν ὅτι μάλιστα τοιαύτην ζητεῖν κατὰ δύναμιν. ἣν δὲ νῦν ἡμεῖς ἐπικεχειρήκαμεν, εἴη τε ἂν γενομένη πως ἀθανασίας ἐγγύτατα καὶ ἡ μία δευτέρως· τρίτην δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα, ἐὰν θεὸς ἐθέλῃ, διαπερανούμεθα. νῦν δʼ οὖν ταύτην τίνα λέγομεν καὶ πῶς γενομένην ἂν τοιαύτην; §5.740ΑΘ. νειμάσθων μὲν δὴ πρῶτον γῆν τε καὶ οἰκίας, καὶ μὴ κοινῇ γεωργούντων, ἐπειδὴ τὸ τοιοῦτον μεῖζον ἢ κατὰ τὴν νῦν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ παίδευσιν εἴρηται· νεμέσθων δʼ οὖν τοιᾷδε διανοίᾳ πως, ὡς ἄρα δεῖ τὸν λαχόντα τὴν λῆξιν ταύτην νομίζειν μὲν κοινὴν αὐτὴν τῆς πόλεως συμπάσης, πατρίδος δὲ οὔσης τῆς χώρας θεραπεύειν αὐτὴν δεῖ μειζόνως ἢ μητέρα παῖδας, τῷ καὶ δέσποιναν θεὸν αὐτὴν οὖσαν θνητῶν ὄντων γεγονέναι, ταὐτὰ δʼ ἔχειν διανοήματα καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἐγχωρίους θεούς τε ἅμα καὶ δαίμονας. ὅπως δʼ ἂν ταῦτα εἰς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον οὕτως ἔχοντα ὑπάρχῃ, τάδε προσδιανοητέον, ὅσαι εἰσὶ τὰ νῦν ἡμῖν ἑστίαι διανεμηθεῖσαι τὸν ἀριθμόν, ταύτας δεῖν ἀεὶ τοσαύτας εἶναι καὶ μήτε τι πλείους γίγνεσθαι μήτε τί ποτε ἐλάττους. ὧδʼ οὖν ἂν τὸ τοιοῦτον βεβαίως γίγνοιτο περὶ πᾶσαν πόλιν· ὁ λαχὼν τὸν κλῆρον καταλειπέτω ἀεὶ ταύτης τῆς οἰκήσεως ἕνα μόνον κληρονόμον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ παίδων, ὃν ἂν αὐτῷ μάλιστα ᾖ φίλον, διάδοχον καὶ θεραπευτὴν θεῶν καὶ γένους καὶ πόλεως τῶν τε ζώντων καὶ ὅσους ἂν ἤδη τέλος εἰς τὸν τότε χρόνον ἔχῃ· τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους παῖδας, οἷς ἂν πλείους ἑνὸς γίγνωνται, θηλείας τε ἐκδόσθαι κατὰ νόμον τὸν ἐπιταχθησόμενον, ἄρρενάς τε, οἷς ἂν τῆς γενέσεως ἐλλείπῃ τῶν πολιτῶν, τούτοις ὑεῖς διανέμειν, κατὰ χάριν μὲν μάλιστα, ἐὰν δέ τισιν ἐλλείπωσιν χάριτες, ἢ πλείους ἐπίγονοι γίγνωνται θήλεις ἤ τινες ἄρρενες ἑκάστων, ἢ καὶ τοὐναντίον ὅταν ἐλάττους ὦσιν, παίδων ἀφορίας γενομένης, πάντων τούτων ἀρχὴν ἣν ἂν θώμεθα μεγίστην καὶ τιμιωτάτην, αὕτη σκεψαμένη τί χρὴ χρῆσθαι τοῖς περιγενομένοις ἢ τοῖς ἐλλείπουσι, ποριζέτω μηχανὴν ὅτι μάλιστα ὅπως αἱ πεντακισχίλιαι καὶ τετταράκοντα οἰκήσεις ἀεὶ μόνον ἔσονται. μηχαναὶ δʼ εἰσὶν πολλαί· καὶ γὰρ ἐπισχέσεις γενέσεως οἷς ἂν εὔρους ᾖ γένεσις, καὶ τοὐναντίον ἐπιμέλειαι καὶ σπουδαὶ πλήθους γεννημάτων εἰσὶν τιμαῖς τε καὶ ἀτιμίαις καὶ νουθετήσεσι πρεσβυτῶν περὶ νέους διὰ λόγων νουθετητικῶν ἀπαντῶσαι αἳ δύνανται ποιεῖν ὃ λέγομεν. καὶ δὴ καὶ τό γε τέλος, ἂν πᾶσα ἀπορία περὶ τὴν ἀνίσωσιν τῶν πεντακισχιλίων καὶ τετταράκοντα οἴκων γίγνηται, ἐπίχυσις δὲ ὑπερβάλλουσα ἡμῖν πολιτῶν διὰ φιλοφροσύνην τὴν τῶν συνοικούντων ἀλλήλοις συμβαίνῃ καὶ ἀπορῶμεν, τὸ παλαιόν που ὑπάρχει μηχάνημα, ὃ πολλάκις εἴπομεν, ἐκπομπὴ ἀποικιῶν, φίλη γιγνομένη παρὰ φίλων, ὧν ἂν ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι δοκῇ.
ATH.: The next move in our settling of the laws, like the move from the sacred line in a game of draughts, is unusual, and might perhaps surprise the hearer at first; but on reflection and trial it will appear that a city would be run in the second-best way. Perhaps someone might not accept it, because of its being unfamiliar to a legislator who is not a tyrant. Yet it is most correct to describe the best constitution, and the second, and the third, and then, having described them, to give the choice to each of those who have authority over the settlement. Let us also act according to this rule now, describing the constitution that is first in virtue, and the second, and the third; and let us grant the choice to Cleinias for the present, and to anyone else who may at any time wish, when choosing among such constitutions, to assign to his own fatherland, according to his own character, what is dear to himself. The first city, then, and constitution, and the best laws, are where that old saying is realized as much as possible throughout the whole city; and it is said that "friends' things are truly common." This, then, whether it exists now anywhere or ever will exist—that wives are common, children are common, and all property is common—and by every means what is called "private" is completely removed from life, and even things that are by nature private are made common as far as possible, so that eyes and ears and hands seem to see and hear and act in common, and all praise and blame in unison, rejoicing and grieving at the same things as much as possible, and whatever laws make a city as united as possible—no one will ever set a more correct or better standard than this, surpassing it in virtue. Such a city, whether gods or children of gods inhabit it, more than one, they dwell there rejoicing in such a life. Therefore, one must not look elsewhere for a pattern of a constitution, but must hold to this one and seek the one that is as close to it as possible. The one we have now undertaken would be, if it came about, closest to immortality, and the one that is second-best; and the third after this, if God wills, we shall complete. But now, what do we say this second one is, and how would it become such? [] ATH.: Let them first distribute the land and the houses, and let them not farm in common, since such a thing is too great for the present generation, rearing, and education. Let them, however, distribute them with some such mind: namely, that the one who has received this allotment must consider it as common to the entire city, and since the territory is his fatherland, he must care for it more greatly than a mother cares for her children, because it, being a mistress goddess, has come into being for those who are mortal; and they must hold the same thoughts concerning the local gods and daemons as well. And so that these things may remain this way for all time, this must be further conceived: however many in number our hearths are that are distributed now, these must always remain of this number, and must neither become any more nor ever any fewer. Thus, then, would such a thing safely come about in every city: let the one who has received the lot always leave only one heir of his own children for this dwelling, whichever is most dear to him, to be his successor and caretaker of the gods, the family, and the city, both of the living and of those who have already reached their end at that time; and as for the other children, when they have more than one, the females are to be given in marriage according to the law that will be prescribed, and the males, to whichever citizens are lacking in offspring, to these they are to distribute them as sons, preferably as a matter of favor, but if favor is lacking for some, or if more offspring are born, whether female or male, for each family, or on the contrary when they are fewer due to childlessness, for all these cases, whichever office we establish as the greatest and most honorable, let this, having examined what should be done with the excess or the deficient, provide a device as much as possible so that the five thousand and forty dwellings will always remain only this many. And there are many devices; for both restrictions on birth for those whose birth is too abundant, and on the contrary, care and concern for the abundance of offspring, meeting them with honors and dishonors and admonitions of elders toward the young through admonitory words which are able to produce what we say. And indeed, as a final resort, if every difficulty arises concerning the equalization of the five thousand and forty houses, and an excessive overflow of citizens happens to us through the friendliness of those who dwell together with one another, and we are at a loss, there is that ancient device which we have often mentioned, the sending out of colonies, becoming friendly from friends, for whomever it seems appropriate.