§1#2ὅτι δ᾿ οἶνος ὁ ἀκρατέστε-ρος καὶ ὅτι τὰ ὀπτὰ κρέα θερμαίνει καὶ ξηραίνει, παρα-βαλλόμενα μάζῃ τε καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐδεὶς ἀγνοεῖ.
one is ignorant of the fact that more undiluted wine and roasted meats warm and dry, when compared to barley-cake and vegetables.
παραπλη-σίως δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄρτος, εἰ παραβάλλοιτο μάζῃ, θερμαίνειν τε καὶ ξηραίνειν λεχθήσεται.
Similarly, bread too, if it should be compared to barley-cake, will be said to warm and dry.
ταῦτα οὖν ὡς παραδείγματα νο-μιστέον εἰρῆσθαι τἀνδρὶ.
Therefore, one must consider that these things have been said by the man as examples.
σὺ δὲ καὶ τῶν ὀσπρίων ἐπιλέξῃ τὰ θερμαίνοντα καὶ ξηραίνοντα, καθάπερ τὴν φακήν.
And you will select also from the legumes those that warm and dry, just like the lentil.
ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν λαχάνων, ὅσα ταύτην ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν, ὥσπερ ἡ κράμβη.
But also from the vegetables, as many as have this power, just like the cabbage.
καὶ τῶν κρεῶν ὡσαύτως, οἷα τὰ τῶν ἀγρίων ζώων ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ταριχευθέντα.
And likewise from the meats, such as those of wild animals and those that have been cured.
ταῦτα δὲ λέλεκται κᾀμοὶ πάντα παραδείγματος ἕνεκεν.
And these things have all been said by me also for the sake of an example.
ἡ δὲ σύμπασα κατὰ μέρος ὕλη τῶν τροφῶν ἐν τρισὶν ὑπομνήμασι σύγκειται, τήνδε ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχουσα, περὶ τῶν ἐν ταῖς τροφαῖς δυνάμεων. ὥσπερ οὖν ταῦτα καλῶς εἴρηται περὶ τῆς κατὰ τὰς ποιό-τητας αἱρέσεως τε καὶ φυγῆς σιτίων, οὕτω καὶ τὰ περὶ τῆς τῶν σιτίων ποσότητος.
But the entire material of foods, detailed part by part, is composed in three commentaries, having this title: "On the Powers of Foods." Therefore, just as these things have been well said concerning the choice and avoidance of foods according to qualities, so also are the things concerning the quantity of foods.
ἐσθίειν γὰρ ὡς πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας ὥρας πλεῖστα συγχωρητέον ἐν χειμῶνι, μεμαθηκότας ἐν ἀφορισμοῖς ὀρθῶς εἰρῆσθαι. θέρεος καὶ φθινοπώρου σιτία δυσφορώτατα φέρουσι, χειμῶνος ῥήϊστα, ἦρος δεύτερον. εἰ δὲ καὶ διὰ τί γίνεται ταῦτα μαθεῖν ἐθέλοι τις, ἐδίδαξε καὶ τοῦτο κατὰ τοὺς ἀφορισμοὺς εἰπών. αἱ κοιλίαι χειμῶνος καὶ ἦρος θερ-μόταται φύσει, διότι τὸ περιέχον ψυχρὸν ὂν, ἐναποστέγει στεγανοῦν καὶ κατακλείει τὸ ἔμφυτον θερμὸν ἐν τῷ βάθει τοῦ σώματος. ἐν δὲ τῷ θέρει διαφορεῖται μὲν τοῦτο διὰ τῆς διαπνοῆς.
For one must concede that one should eat most in winter compared to the other seasons, having learned that it is rightly said in the Aphorisms: "In summer and autumn they bear food with the greatest difficulty, in winter most easily, in spring secondarily." And if anyone should wish to learn also why these things happen, he taught this too, saying in the Aphorisms: "The bellies in winter and spring are warmest by nature, because the surrounding environment, being cold, confines by closing up, and shuts in the innate heat in the depth of the body." But in summer this is dissipated through perspiration.
διὰ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς δὲ ἕλκεται τὸ περιέχον θερμόν.
While through respiration the surrounding heat is drawn in.
ὀνομάζω δὲ ἀναπνοὴν μὲν τὴν διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἔξω τε καὶ εἴσω φορὰν τοῦ πνεύματος, διαπνοὴν δὲ τὴν δι᾿ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος ὁμοίως γιγνομένην. "Ὁκόταν δὲ τὸ ἔαρ ἐπιλαμβάνῃ, τό τε πόμα χρὴ πλέον πί-νειν οἶνον καὶ ὑδαρέστερον καὶ κατ᾿ ὀλίγον καὶ τοῖσι σι-τίοισι μαλθακωτέροισι χρέεσθαι καὶ ἐλάσσοσι· καὶ τὸν ἄρτον ἀφαιρέοντα μᾶζαν προστιθέναι· καὶ τὰ ὄψα κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἀφαιρέειν, ἔκ τε τῶν ὀπτῶν πάντα ἑφθὰ ποιέεσθαι καὶ λαχάνοισιν ἤδη χρέεσθαι τοῦ ἦρος ὀλίγοισιν, ἕως ἐς τὴν θερίην καταστήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
And I call respiration the movement of the breath outward and inward through the mouth, and perspiration that which takes place similarly through the whole body. "But when spring comes on, one should drink more drink, and that wine more diluted with water, and in small quantities; and one should use softer food and less of it; and reducing bread, one should add barley-cake; and reduce the relishes in the same proportion, making them all boiled instead of roasted, and use already some vegetables in spring, until a person is established in the summer state.
τοῖσί τε σιτίοισι πᾶσι μαλακωτέροισι χρεόμενος καὶ τοῖσιν ὄψοισιν ἑφθοῖσι καὶ λαχάνοισιν ὠμοῖσι καὶ ἑφθοῖσι, ὡσαύτως καὶ τοῖσι πόμασιν ὡς ὑδαρεστάτοισι καὶ πλεί-στοισι, καὶ ὅκως μὴ μεγάλη ἡ μεταβολὴ ἔσται κατὰ μι-κρὸν, μὴ ἐξαπίνης χρεομένῳ. "[q. 1]
Πλεῖον εἶπε καὶ ὑδαρέστερον, οὐ πλεῖστον οὐδὲ ὑδαρέ-στατον ἐν τῷ ἦρι τὸ πόμα προσφέρεσθαι.
Using all softer food, and boiled relishes, and raw and boiled vegetables, and likewise drinks as diluted and as much as possible, and so that the change may not be great, making it gradually, not all at once." [q.1] He said "more" and "more diluted", not "most" nor "most diluted" for the drink to be consumed in spring.
τὸ γὰρ πλεῖ-στον καὶ ὑδαρέστατον ἐν τῷ θέρει κελεύει πίνειν, ὡς ἐναν-τίαν ἔχοντι τὴν κρᾶσιν ἧς ὁ χειμὼν ἔχει.
For he commands to drink the most and most diluted in summer, as it has a mixture opposite to that which winter has.
τὸ δὲ ἔαρ, ὥσπερ ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων ἔχει τὴν κρᾶσιν, οὕτω καὶ τῆς διαίτης μέσης δεῖται, ψυχροτέρας μὲν καὶ ὑγροτέρας, ὡς πρὸς τὸν χειμῶνα, θερμοτέρας δὲ καὶ ξηροτέρας, ὡς πρὸς τὸ θέρος.
But spring, just as it has its mixture in the middle between the extremes, so also needs a middle regimen, cooler and wetter in comparison with winter, but warmer and drier in comparison with summer.
ἐκ τούτων οὖν δῆλόν ἐστιν ὅπως ἀκούειν χρὴ τῆς κατὰ τὸ θέρος καὶ φθινόπωρον εἰρημένης ὑπ᾿ αὐ-τοῦ διαίτης· ὥστ᾿ ἐμοὶ μὲν ὑπερβαίνειν αὐτὸ προσήκει, τοῖς δ᾿ ἀναγινώσκουσι πολλάκις ἐπιμελῶς τε προσέχουσι τὸν νοῦν εἴρηται πάντα σαφῶς, ὡς μηδεμιᾶς ἐξηγήσεως δεῖσθαι περὶ τὰς ἄχρι δεῦρο λελεγμένας.
From these things, therefore, it is clear how one ought to understand the regimen spoken of by him for summer and autumn; so that, while it is proper for me to pass over it, for those who read it often and pay attention diligently, everything has been said so clearly as to need no explanation concerning what has been said up to this point.
"Τοῦ δὲ θέρεος τῇ τε μάζῃ μαλακῇ τρέφεσθαι καὶ τῷ ποτῷ ὑδαρέϊ καὶ πολλῷ καὶ τοῖσιν ὄψοισι πᾶσιν ἑφθοῖσι, καὶ οὕτω δεῖ χρέεσθαι τουτέοισιν ὁκόταν τὸ θέρος ᾖ, ὅκως ψυχρὸν εἴη τὸ σῶμα καὶ μαλακόν.
"In summer, feed on soft barley-cake, and drink diluted and abundant drink, and have all relishes boiled; and one must use these in this way when it is summer, so that the body may be cool and soft.
καὶ γὰρ ἡ ὥρη θερμή τε καὶ ξηρὴ καὶ ποιέει τὰ σώματα καυματώδεα καὶ αὐ-χμηρά.
For the season is hot and dry, and makes bodies burning and parched.
δεῖ οὖν τοῖσιν ἐπιτηδεύμασιν τουτέοισιν ἀλέξα-σθαι, κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον, ὥσπερ ἐκ τοῦ χειμῶνος εἰς τὸ ἤρ, οὕτω καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἦρος εἰς τὸ θέρος καταστῆσαι, τῶν μὲν σιτίων ἀφαιρέων, τῷ δὲ ποτῷ προστιθεὶς καὶ οὕτως τὰ ἐνιαύσια ποιέοντα καταστῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ θέ-ρεος εἰς τὸν χειμῶνα.
One must therefore ward off these things with these practices, and by the same ratio, just as from winter to spring, so also from spring to summer establish (transition), by reducing foods and adding to drink, and thus making the annual changes, establish (transition) from summer to winter.
ἐν δὲ τῷ φθινοπώρῳ πάλιν τὰ μὲν σιτία πλείω ποιεόμενον καὶ ξηρότερα καὶ τὰ ὄψα κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον, τὰ δὲ ποτὰ ἐλάσσω τε καὶ ἀκρητέστερα, ὅκως ὅ τε χειμὼν ἀγαθὸς ἔσται καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διαχρή-σεται τοῖσί τε πόμασιν ἀκρητεστέροισι καὶ ὀλίγοισι καὶ τοῖσι σιτίοισιν ὡς πλείστοισί τε καὶ ξηροτάτοισιν, οὕτω γὰρ ἂν καὶ ὑγιαίνοι μάλιστα καὶ ῥιγῴη ἥκιστα.
In autumn again, making the foods more abundant and drier, and the relishes by the same ratio, and the drinks less and more undiluted, so that winter may be good and the person will continue using more undiluted and few drinks, and foods as abundant and dry as possible, for in this way they would both be healthiest and shiver least.
ἡ γὰρ ὥρη λίαν ψυχρή τε καὶ ὑγρή. "[q. 2]
Τὰ παρόντα διὰ ταῦτα τεμάχια οὔτε τινὸς ἐξηγητοῦ δέονται, πασὶ δῆλα τοῦ Πολύβου ποιήσαντος, οὔτε τινὰ μέ-θοδον ἀκραιφνῆ ζητοῦντος, ἀλλὰ καθὰ κεῖται, αὐτὰ καὶ μόνα δῆλα καθεστήκασι.
For the season is very cold and wet." [q.2] For these reasons, the present passages neither need any commentator, since Polybus has made them clear to all, nor do they seek any subtle methodology, but just as they lie, they are of themselves and alone established as clear.
"Τοῖσι δὲ εἴδεσι τοῖσι σαρκώδεσι καὶ πλείω μαλακοῖσι καὶ ἐρυθροῖσι ξυμφέρει δὴ τὸν πλείονα χρόνον τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ξηροτέροισι διαιτήμασι χρέεσθαι, ὑγρὴ γὰρ ἡ φύσις τῶν εἰδέων τουτέων. "[q. 3]
"And for individuals who are fleshy and rather soft and ruddy, it is indeed beneficial to use drier regimens for the greater part of the year, for the nature of these constitutions is wet." [q.3]