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Herodotus · Histories §4.62.1-4.62.4

Sacrifices of Captives to Ares in Scythia

Passage 626 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Describes the unique sacrificial rites of the Scythians for Ares, including a huge mound of brushwood, an iron akinakes (scimitar) as his image, the slaughter of every hundredth captive to pour blood on the sword, and flinging their severed right arms into the air.

§4.62.1τοῖσι μὲν δὴ ἄλλοισι τῶν θεῶν οὕτω θύουσι καὶ ταῦτα τῶν κτηνέων, τῷ δὲ Ἄρεϊ ὧδε.
Thus they sacrifice to the other gods, and these are the beasts they offer, but to Ares in this manner.
κατὰ νομοὺς ἑκάστους τῶν ἀρχέων ἐσίδρυται σφι Ἄρεος ἱρὸν· τοιόνδε φρυγάνων φάκελοι συννενέαται ὅσον τʼ ἐπὶ σταδίους τρεῖς μῆκος καὶ εὖρος, ὕψος δὲ ἔλασσον· ἄνω δὲ τούτου τετράγωνον ἄπεδον πεποίηται, καὶ τὰ μὲν τρία τῶν κώλων ἐστὶ ἀπότομα, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἓν ἐπιβατόν.
In each district of their governments, a sanctuary of Ares is established for them: of this kind: bundles of brushwood are piled up to about three stades in length and breadth, but less in height; and on top of this a square platform is made, and three of its sides are steep, but on one side it is accessible.
§4.62.2ἔτεος δὲ ἑκάστου ἁμάξας πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐπινέουσι φρυγάνων· ὑπονοστέει γὰρ δὴ αἰεὶ ὑπὸ τῶν χειμώνων.
Every year they heap on it a hundred and fifty wagon-loads of brushwood; for it always sinks down because of the winter weather.
ἐπὶ τούτου δὴ τοῦ σηκοῦ ἀκινάκης σιδήρεος ἵδρυται ἀρχαῖος ἑκάστοισι, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ Ἄρεος τὸ ἄγαλμα.
On top of this mound an ancient iron akinakes is set up for each district, and this is the image of Ares.
τούτῳ δὲ τῷ ἀκινάκῃ θυσίας ἐπετείους προσάγουσι προβάτων καὶ ἵππων, καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῖσιδʼ ἔτι πλέω θύουσι ἢ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι θεοῖσι· §4.62.3ὅσους ἂν τῶν πολεμίων ζωγρήσωσι, ἀπὸ τῶν ἑκατὸν ἀνδρῶν ἄνδρα θύουσι τρόπῳ οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ πρόβατα, ἀλλʼ ἑτεροίῳ.
To this akinakes they bring annual sacrifices of sheep and horses, and indeed they sacrifice even more to these than to the other gods; whomsoever of their enemies they take alive, they sacrifice one man out of every hundred, not in the same manner as the sheep, but in a different way.
ἐπεὰν γὰρ οἶνον ἐπισπείσωσι κατὰ τῶν κεφαλέων, ἀποσφάζουσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐς ἄγγος καὶ ἔπειτα ἀνενείκαντες ἄνω ἐπὶ τὸν ὄγκον τῶν φρυγάνων καταχέουσι τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀκινάκεω.
For when they have poured libations of wine upon their heads, they slaughter the men into a vessel, and then, having carried it up onto the top of the pile of brushwood, they pour the blood over the akinakes.
§4.62.4ἄνω μὲν δὴ φορέουσι τοῦτο, κάτω δὲ παρὰ τὸ ἱρὸν ποιεῦσι τάδε· τῶν ἀποσφαγέντων ἀνδρῶν τοὺς δεξιοὺς ὤμους πάντας ἀποταμόντες σὺν τῇσι χερσὶ ἐς τὸν ἠέρα ἱεῖσι, καὶ ἔπειτα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀπέρξαντες ἱρήια ἀπαλλάσσονται.
This they carry up, but below, beside the sanctuary, they do as follows: having cut off all the right shoulders of the slaughtered men along with the arms, they fling them into the air, and then, having performed the other sacrifices, they depart.
χεὶρ δὲ τῇ ἂν πέσῃ κέεται, καὶ χωρὶς ὁ νεκρός.
And where the arm happens to fall, there it lies, and the corpse apart from it.

Notes

  1. 4.62.1συννενέαται — Meaning 'are piled up.' It is the third-person plural perfect passive indicative of συννέω (to heap up). The Ionic ending -αται is used here, equivalent to the Attic συννενημένοι εἰσί.
  2. 4.62.2τοῖσιδʼ — Dative plural of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε. Here it refers to 'these [swords/monuments of Ares]' set up in each district, or the sanctuaries themselves.
  3. 4.62.3οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ πρόβατα — The conjunction καί is placed after ὁ αὐτός (indicating identity) to express comparison or equivalence ('the same as...'). Here it means 'not in the same manner as [they sacrifice] the sheep.'
  4. 4.62.4ἀπέρξαντες — Aorist active participle (nominative masculine plural) of the verb ἀφέρδω / ἀφέρζω (to perform a sacrifice, to complete a rite), though some manuscripts have the variant reading ἀπέρσαντες. It means 'having completed/performed the other sacrifices.'

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §4.62.1-4.62.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.62.1-4.62.4

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