Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §3.98.1-3.98.4

Geography of India and Customs of Swamp Tribes

Passage 502 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The author begins to explain how the Indians acquire their gold dust and describes the geography of the Far East and the diverse lifestyles of the Indian tribes, such as those living in swamps using reed boats.

§3.98.1τὸν δὲ χρυσὸν τοῦτον τὸν πολλὸν οἱ Ἰνδοί, ἀπʼ οὗ τὸ ψῆγμα τῷ βασιλέι τὸ εἰρημένον κομίζουσι, τρόπῳ τοιῷδε κτῶνται.
The Indians acquire this vast amount of gold, from which they bring the aforementioned dust to the king, in the following manner.
§3.98.2ἔστι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς χώρης τὸ πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνίσχοντα ψάμμος· τῶν γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν, τῶν καὶ πέρι ἀτρεκές τι λέγεται, πρῶτοι πρὸς ἠῶ καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολὰς οἰκέουσι ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ Ἰνδοί· Ἰνδῶν γὰρ τὸ πρὸς τὴν ἠῶ ἐρημίη ἐστὶ διὰ τὴν ψάμμον.
The part of the Indian territory towards the rising sun is sand; for of all the people we know, and of whom anything certain is told, the Indians dwell furthest to the east and the sun's rising among the men in Asia; for the region to the east of the Indians is a desert because of the sand.
§3.98.3ἔστι δὲ πολλὰ ἔθνεα Ἰνδῶν καὶ οὐκ ὁμόφωνα σφίσι, καὶ οἳ μὲν αὐτῶν νομάδες εἰσὶ οἳ δὲ οὔ, οἳ δὲ ἐν τοῖσι ἕλεσι οἰκέουσι τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἰχθύας σιτέονται ὠμούς, τοὺς αἱρέουσι ἐκ πλοίων καλαμίνων ὁρμώμενοι· καλάμου δὲ ἓν γόνυ πλοῖον ἕκαστον ποιέεται.
There are many tribes of Indians, and they do not speak the same language as one another; some of them are nomadic, others are not, and others dwell in the swamps of the river and feed on raw fish, which they catch by setting out from boats made of reeds; and each boat is made of a single joint of a reed.
§3.98.4οὗτοι μὲν δὴ τῶν Ἰνδῶν φορέουσι ἐσθῆτα φλοΐνην· ἐπεὰν ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ φλοῦν ἀμήσωσι καὶ κόψωσι, τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν φορμοῦ τρόπον καταπλέξαντες ὡς θώρηκα ἐνδύνουσι.
Indeed, these of the Indians wear clothing made of rushes; when they harvest and cut the rushes from the river, they then weave them together in the manner of a mat and put them on like a breastplate.

Notes

  1. §3.98.2τῶν γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν, τῶν καὶ πέρι ἀτρεκές τι λέγεται... ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ — A hyperbaton structure where the relative pronouns (the two instances of τῶν) precede their postposed antecedent, ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ ('the men in Asia'). The first τῶν acts as the object of ἴδμεν (or as a partitive genitive depending on the superlative-like πρῶτοι), while the second τῶν is governed by the postposed preposition πέρι, emphasizing the comparison among known peoples.
  2. §3.98.3καλάμου δὲ ἓν γόνυ πλοῖον ἕκαστον ποιέεται — The genitive καλάμου ('of reed') is a genitive of material depending on the verb ποιέεται ('is made'). It literally translates to 'each boat is made of a single joint of a reed', functioning passively with πλοῖον ἕκαστον ('each boat') as the subject.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §3.98.1-3.98.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.98.1-3.98.4

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