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Herodotus · Histories §3.80.1-3.80.6

Otanes Advocates Democracy and Denounces Monarchy

Passage 484 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Following the overthrow of the Magi, the conspirators debate the future constitution of Persia. Otanes speaks first, vehemently denouncing the evils of monarchy and advocating for democracy, which ensures equality before the law.

§3.80.1ἐπείτε δὲ κατέστη ὁ θόρυβος καὶ ἐκτὸς πέντε ἡμερέων ἐγένετο, ἐβουλεύοντο οἱ ἐπαναστάντες τοῖσι Μάγοισι περὶ τῶν πάντων πρηγμάτων καὶ ἐλέχθησαν λόγοι ἄπιστοι μὲν ἐνίοισι Ἑλλήνων, ἐλέχθησαν δʼ ὦν.
And when the tumult had quieted down and more than five days had passed, those who had risen against the Magi consulted about the whole state of affairs; and speeches were made which are disbelieved indeed by some of the Greeks, but they were made nonetheless.
§3.80.2Ὀτάνης μὲν ἐκέλευε ἐς μέσον Πέρσῃσι καταθεῖναι τὰ πρήγματα, λέγων τάδε. ἐμοὶ δοκέει ἕνα μὲν ἡμέων μούναρχον μηκέτι γενέσθαι. οὔτε γὰρ ἡδὺ οὔτε ἀγαθόν.
Otanes urged to place the government in the common hands of the Persians, saying these things: "To me it seems that no one of us should any longer become a sole ruler; for it is neither pleasant nor good.
εἴδετε μὲν γὰρ τὴν Καμβύσεω ὕβριν ἐπʼ ὅσον ἐπεξῆλθε, μετεσχήκατε δὲ καὶ τῆς τοῦ Μάγου ὕβριος.
For you saw to what extent the insolence of Cambyses went, and you have also had a share in the insolence of the Magus.
§3.80.3κῶς δʼ ἂν εἴη χρῆμα κατηρτημένον μουναρχίη, τῇ ἔξεστι ἀνευθύνῳ ποιέειν τὰ βούλεται;
How indeed could monarchy be a well-ordered thing, in which it is permitted to one who is irresponsible to do what he wishes?
καὶ γὰρ ἂν τὸν ἄριστον ἀνδρῶν πάντων στάντα ἐς ταύτην ἐκτὸς τῶν ἐωθότων νοημάτων στήσειε.
For even the best of all men, if he were placed in this position, would be moved out of his usual thoughts.
ἐγγίνεται μὲν γάρ οἱ ὕβρις ὑπὸ τῶν παρεόντων ἀγαθῶν, φθόνος δὲ ἀρχῆθεν ἐμφύεται ἀνθρώπῳ.
For insolence is bred in him by his present good things, and envy is from the beginning natural to man.
§3.80.4δύο δʼ ἔχων ταῦτα ἔχει πᾶσαν κακότητα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὕβρι κεκορημένος ἔρδει πολλὰ καὶ ἀτάσθαλα, τὰ δὲ φθόνῳ.
And having these two, he possesses all wickedness; for satiated with insolence, he does many reckless deeds, and others through envy.
καίτοι ἄνδρα γε τύραννον ἄφθονον ἔδει εἶναι, ἔχοντά γε πάντα τὰ ἀγαθά.
And yet, a tyrant indeed ought to be free from envy, since he possesses all good things.
τὸ δὲ ὑπεναντίον τούτου ἐς τοὺς πολιήτας πέφυκε· φθονέει γὰρ τοῖσι ἀρίστοισι περιεοῦσί τε καὶ ζώουσι, χαίρει δὲ τοῖσι κακίστοισι τῶν ἀστῶν, διαβολὰς δὲ ἄριστος ἐνδέκεσθαι.
But the contrary of this is his nature towards the citizens; for he envies the best who survive and live, and rejoices in the worst of the citizens, and is most ready to receive slanders.
§3.80.5ἀναρμοστότατον δὲ πάντων· ἤν τε γὰρ αὐτὸν μετρίως θωμάζῃς, ἄχθεται ὅτι οὐ κάρτα θεραπεύεται, ἤν τε θεραπεύῃ τις κάρτα, ἄχθεται ἅτε θωπί.
And he is the most inconsistent of all; for if you admire him moderately, he is annoyed because he is not courted exceedingly; and if anyone courts him exceedingly, he is annoyed as if with a flatterer.
τὰ δὲ δὴ μέγιστα ἔρχομαι ἐρέων· νόμαιά τε κινέει πάτρια καὶ βιᾶται γυναῖκας κτείνει τε ἀκρίτους.
But now I go to say the greatest things: he subverts ancestral customs, and violates women, and puts men to death without trial.
§3.80.6πλῆθος δὲ ἄρχον πρῶτα μὲν οὔνομα πάντων κάλλιστον ἔχει, ἰσονομίην, δεύτερα δὲ τούτων τῶν ὁ μούναρχος ποιέει οὐδέν· πάλῳ μὲν ἀρχὰς ἄρχει, ὑπεύθυνον δὲ ἀρχὴν ἔχει, βουλεύματα δὲ πάντα ἐς τὸ κοινὸν ἀναφέρει.
But the rule of the multitude, first of all, has the most beautiful name of all, equality before the law; and secondly, it does none of those things that the monarch does; it holds offices by lot, and has responsible office, and refers all counsels to the common assembly.
τίθεμαι ὦν γνώμην μετέντας ἡμέας μουναρχίην τὸ πλῆθος ἀέξειν· ἐν γὰρ τῷ πολλῷ ἔνι τὰ πάντα.
I therefore give my opinion that we, letting go of monarchy, should elevate the multitude; for in the many is everything."

Notes

  1. 3.80.1ἐλέχθησαν δʼ ὦν — The particle ὦν (equivalent to Attic οὖν) here has a concessive or emphatic force, meaning 'at all events' or 'nonetheless'. It emphasizes that despite the doubts of some Greeks, the speeches were indeed made.
  2. 3.80.2ἐς μέσον Πέρσῃσι καταθεῖναι τὰ πρήγματα — Meaning 'to place the state affairs in the midst (for the common benefit) of the Persians'. The phrase `ἐς μέσον` ('into the midst') is an idiom meaning 'in public' or 'in common', signifying democratic shared governance. `Πέρσῃσι` is a dative of advantage.
  3. 3.80.3στήσειε — The third-person singular aorist active optative of `ἵστημι`. Combined with `ἄν` in the main clause, it expresses potentiality ('would place' or 'would move'). The subject is either the monarchy or the position of a monarch, and the object is `τὸν ἄριστον` ('the best man').
  4. 3.80.4τὰ μὲν ... τὰ δὲ — Functioning as adverbial accusatives, expressing contrast: 'on the one hand... on the other hand'. `τὰ μὲν` corresponds to `ὕβρι` ('by insolence') and `τὰ δὲ` to `φθόνῳ` ('by envy'), explaining the motives of his actions.
  5. 3.80.4διαβολὰς δὲ ἄριστος ἐνδέκεσθαι — The infinitive `ἐνδέκεσθαι` is an epexegetic (explanatory) infinitive modifying the adjective `ἄριστος`, meaning 'best at receiving' or 'most ready to accept slanders'.
  6. 3.80.6δεύτερα δὲ τούτων τῶν ὁ μούναρχος ποιέει οὐδέν — The relative pronoun `τῶν` is attracted to the genitive case of its antecedent `τούτων` (which is a partitive genitive with `οὐδέν` or a genitive of comparison with `δεύτερα`), changing from its original accusative case.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §3.80.1-3.80.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.80.1-3.80.6

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