§1ἔνια τῶν ἐκ τῆς γῆς φυομένων αὐτὰ μέν ἐστιν ἄγρια τῇ φύσει καὶ ἄκαρπα καὶ βλαβερὰν τοῖς ἡμέροις σπέρμασι καὶ φυτοῖς τὴν αὔξησιν ἔχοντα, σημεῖα δʼ αὐτὰ ποιοῦνται χώρας οἱ γεωργοῦντες οὐ πονηρᾶς ἀλλὰ γενναίας καὶ πίονος·
Some of the things growing out of the earth are in themselves wild by nature and unfruitful, and have a growth that is harmful to cultivated seeds and plants, yet husbandmen regard them as signs of a soil that is not bad but rich and fertile.
οὕτω δὴ καὶ πάθη ψυχῆς ἐστιν οὐ χρηστά, χρηστῆς δὲ φύσεως οἷον ἐξανθήματα καὶ λόγῳ παρασχεῖν ἐργάσιμον ἑαυτὴν ἐπιεικῶς δυναμένης.
In the same way, there are passions in the soul that are not good, but are, as it were, eruptions of a good nature and one that is fairly capable of rendering itself cooperative to reason.
ἐν τούτοις τίθεμαι καὶ τὴν λεγομένην δυσωπίαν, σημεῖον μὲν οὐ φαῦλον αἰτίαν δὲ μοχθηρίας οὖσαν.
Among these I place also the so-called compliancy, which is a sign of no mean nature but yet a cause of mischief.
τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ τοῖς ἀναισχύντοις οἱ· αἰσχυνόμενοι πολλάκις ἁμαρτάνουσι, πλὴν ὅτι τὸ λυπεῖσθαι καὶ ἀλγεῖν ἐφʼ οἷς διαμαρτάνουσι τούτοις πρόσεστιν οὐχ ὡς ἐκείνοις τὸ ἥδεσθαι.
For the shamefaced often commit the same errors as the shameless, except that with them there is present a feeling of grief and pain at their failures, unlike the pleasure felt by those others.
ἀναλγὴς μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἀναιδὴς πρὸς τὸ αἰσχρόν, εὐπαθὴς δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὸ φαινόμενον αἰσχρὸν ὁ εὐδυσώπητος.
For the shameless man is insensible to what is disgraceful, while the compliant man is sensitive even to what merely appears disgraceful.
ὑπερβολὴ γὰρ τοῦ αἰσχύνεσθαι τὸ δυσωπεῖσθαι.
For compliancy is an excess of shame.
διὸ καὶ οὕτω κέκληται, τρόπον τινὰ τοῦ προσώπου τῇ ψυχῇ συνδιατρεπομένου καὶ συνεξατονοῦντος.
Therefore it is so named, because in a way the countenance is put to confusion and loses its firmness together with the soul.
ὡς γὰρ τὴν κατήφειαν ὁρίζονται λύπην κάτω βλέπειν ποιοῦσαν, οὕτω τὴν αἰσχυντηλίαν μέχρι τοῦ μηδʼ ἀντιβλέπειν τοῖς δεομένοις ὑπείκουσαν δυσωπίαν ὠνόμασαν.
For just as they define dejection as a grief that makes one look downward, so they have named compliancy a shamefacedness that yields to those who make requests, even to the extent of not being able to look them in the face.
ὅθεν ὁ μὲν ῥήτωρ τὸν ἀναίσχυντον οὐκ ἔφη κόρας ἐν τοῖς ὄμμασιν ἔχειν ἀλλὰ πόρνας· ὁ δʼ εὐδυσώπητος αὖ πάλιν ἄγαν τὸ θῆλυ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τρυφερὸν ἐμφαίνει διὰ τῆς ὄψεως, τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀναισχύντων ὄψιν αἰσχύνην ὑποκοριζόμενος.
Hence, while the orator said of the shameless man that he had not maidens but harlots in his eyes, the compliant man, on the contrary, displays through his look the excessive effeminacy and delicacy of his soul, calling his meeting the gaze of the shameless an act of shame.
ὁ μὲν οὖν Κάτων ἔλεγε τῶν νέων μᾶλλον ἀγαπᾶν τοὺς ἐρυθριῶντας ἢ τοὺς ὠχριῶντας, ὀρθῶς ἐθίζων καὶ διδάσκων τὸν ψόγον μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν ἔλεγχον δεδιέναι καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν κίνδυνον.
Cato, therefore, used to say that he preferred those of the young who blush to those who grow pale, rightly training and teaching them to fear censure rather than refutation, and suspicion rather than danger.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πρὸς τὸν ψόγον ὑπόπτου καὶ ψοφοδεοῦς τὸ ἄγαν ἀφαιρετέον, ὡς οὐχ ἧττον ἔνιοι πολλάκις ἀκοῦσαι κακῶς ἢ παθεῖν· δείσαντες ἀπεδειλίασαν, καὶ προήκαντο τὸ καλὸν οὐ δυνηθέντες ὑπομεῖναι τὸ ἄδοξον.
Not but what the excess of suspicion towards censure and of fear of blame must be removed, since some, fearing to be ill spoken of no less than to suffer harm, have turned cowards and abandoned the honorable, being unable to endure loss of reputation.
§2οὔτε δὴ τούτους περιοπτέον οὕτως ἀσθενῶς ἔχοντας οὔτʼ αὖ πάλιν ἐκείνην ἐπαινετέον τὴν ἄτρεπτον καὶ ἀτενῆ διάθεσιν,
"
ἐν δὲ τὸ θαρσαλέον τε καὶ ἐμμανὲς ὅππη ὀρούσαι
φαίνετʼ Ἀναξάρχου κύνεον μένος· "
ἀλλʼ ἐμμελῆ τινα μηχανητέον σύγκρασιν ἀμφοῖν, τοῦ μὲν ἀτενοῦς ἄγαν τὴν ἀναίδειαν τοῦ δʼ ἐπιεικοῦς σφόδρα τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἀφαιροῦσαν.
Neither, then, must we allow these to remain in so weak a condition, nor, on the other hand, must we praise that unyielding and rigid disposition: "But there appeared, wherever it might rush, the bold and frantic canine rage of Anaxarchus." Rather, we must devise a harmonious mixture of both, removing shamelessness from the overly rigid, and weakness from the highly decent.
ᾗ καὶ τὸ θεράπευμα δυσχερὲς καὶ οὐκ ἀκίνδυνος ἡ τῶν τοιούτων πλεονασμῶν κόλουσις·
Wherefore the treatment also is difficult, and the curtailing of such excesses is not without danger.
ὡς γὰρ ὁ γεωργὸς ἄγριον μὲν ἐκκόπτων βλάστημα καὶ ἀγεννές, αὐτόθεν ἀφειδῶς ἐμβαλὼν τὸ σκαφεῖον ἀνέτρεψε τὴν ῥίζαν ἢ πῦρ προσαγαγὼν ἐπέκαυσεν ἀμπέλῳ δὲ προσιὼν τομῆς δεομένῃ καὶ μηλέας ἤ τινος ἐλαίας ἁπτόμενος, εὐλαβῶς ἐπιφέρει τὴν χεῖρα, δεδιὼς μή τι τοῦ ὑγιαίνοντος ἀποτυφλώσῃ· οὕτως ὁ φιλόσοφος φθόνον μὲν ἐξαιρῶν νέου ψυχῆς, ἀγεννὲς βλάστημα καὶ δυστιθάσευτον, ἢ φιλαργυρίαν ἄωρον, ἢ φιληδονίαν ἐπικόπτων ἀκόλαστον αἱμάσσει καὶ πιέζει καὶ τομὴν ποιεῖ καὶ οὐλὴν βαθεῖαν ὅταν δὲ τρυφερῷ μέρει ψυχῆς καὶ ἁπαλῷ κολούοντα προσαγάγῃ λόγον, οἷόν ἐστι τὸ δυσωπούμενον καὶ διατρεπόμενον, εὐλαβεῖται μὴ λάθῃ τούτοις συναποκόψας τὸ αἰδούμενον.
For just as the farmer, when cutting away a wild and worthless growth, unsparingly strikes with his spade and overturns the root, or brings fire and burns it up, but when approaching a vine that needs pruning, or touching an apple tree or an olive, applies his hand with caution, fearing lest he should injure some healthy part; so the philosopher, when rooting out of a young man’s soul envy, a worthless and untamable growth, or cutting back untimely avarice, or unbridled love of pleasure, draws blood, presses hard, makes a cut, and leaves a deep scar; but when he applies the knife to a tender and delicate part of the soul, such as is the compliant and easily confused disposition, he is careful lest he should inadvertently cut away the sense of shame along with these.
καὶ γὰρ αἱ τίτθαι τῶν βρεφῶν ἐκτρίβουσαι πολλάκις τὸν ῥύπον ἑλκοῦσιν ἐνίοτε τὴν σάρκα καὶ βασανίζουσιν.
For even nurses, when rubbing off the dirt from infants, often graze the skin and cause pain.
ὅθεν οὐ δεῖ τῶν νέων παντάπασιν ἐν χρῷ τὴν δυσωπίαν ἐκτρίβοντας ὀλιγώρους ποιεῖν καὶ λίαν ἀτρέπτους· ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ οἱ καταλύοντες οἰκίας ἱεροῖς γειτνιώσας τά γε συνεχῆ καὶ πλησίον ἐῶσι καὶ διερείδουσιν, οὕτω δεῖ τὴν δυσωπίαν κινεῖν δεδιότας συνεφελκύσασθαι τὰ ὁμοροῦντα τῆς αἰδοῦς καὶ τῆς ἐπιεικείας; καὶ τῆς ἡμερότητος, οἷς ὑποδέδυκε καὶ προσπλέκεται κολακεύουσα τὸν εὐδυσώπητον ὡς φιλάνθρωπον καὶ πολιτικὸν καὶ κοινὸν ἔχοντα νοῦν καὶ οὐκ ἄτεγκτον οὐδʼ αὐθέκαστον.
Therefore we must not, by completely rubbing away the compliancy of the young to the quick, make them contemptuous and excessively unyielding; but just as those who demolish houses adjacent to temples leave the parts that touch and are near them, and prop them up, so we must move compliancy while fearing to drag along with it those qualities that border on shame, decency, and gentleness, under which compliancy has crept and entwined itself, flattering the compliant person as being humane, public-spirited, and cooperative, and not unbending or self-willed.
ὅθεν εὐθὺς οἱ Στωικοὶ καὶ τῷ ῥήματι τὸ αἰσχύνεσθαι καὶ δυσωπεῖσθαι τοῦ αἰδεῖσθαι διέστησαν, ἵνα μηδὲ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν τῷ πάθει πρόφασιν τοῦ βλάπτειν ἀπολίπωσιν.
Hence the Stoics at once distinguished, even in words, feeling ashamed and being compliant from having a sense of shame, so that they might not leave even the ambiguity of the passion as an excuse for doing harm.
ἀλλʼ ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι τοῖς ὀνόμασιν ἀσυκοφαντήτως δότωσαν, μᾶλλον δʼ Ὁμηρικῶς· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν
"αἰδώς, ἣτʼ ἄνδρας μέγα σίνεται ἠδʼ ὀνίνησι· "
καὶ οὐ κακῶς τὸ βλάπτον αὐτῆς πρότερον εἶπε.
But let them permit us to use these words without pedantry, or rather in the manner of Homer; for he said: "Shame, which greatly harms men and also profits them." And he did not do badly to speak of its harmful side first.
γίγνεται γὰρ ὠφέλιμος ὑπὸ λόγου τὸ πλεονάζον ἀφελόντος καὶ τὸ μέτριον ἀπολιπόντος.
For it becomes beneficial when reason removes its excess and leaves what is moderate.