- Source
- Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri editionem priman, Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
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- CTS URN
- urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi001.humanitext-lat2:44.12.1-44.12.8
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-11-12
The vigorous counterattack by the garrison of Cassandrea inflicts severe casualties on the Romans, forcing them to transition to a siege. When additional reinforcements from Thessalonica enter the city, the Romans and Eumenes are compelled to abandon the siege and set sail for other target cities.
hostis primum admiratio cepit, quidnam sibi repentinus clamor vellet.
At first, wonder seized the enemy as to what the sudden shout could mean.
postquam patere urbem accepere praefecti praesidii Pytho et Philippus, pro eo, qui occupasset adgredi, opus factum esse rati,1 cum valida manu Agrianum Illyriorumque erumpunt Romanosque, qui alii aliunde coibant convocabanturque, ut signa in urbem inferrent, inconpositos atque inordinatos fugant persecunturque ad fossam, in quam conpulsos ruina cumulant.2
When Pytho and Philippus, the commanders of the garrison, learned that the city was open, thinking that the work had been done for the purpose of attacking whoever had occupied it, they sallied out with a strong force of Agrianes and Illyrians, and routed the Romans, who were gathering and being called together from all sides to carry the standards into the city, while they were unorganized and in disorder, and pursued them to the ditch, in which, when they were driven into it, they piled them up in ruin.
sescenti ferme ibi interfecti, omnesque prope, qui inter murum fossamque deprensi erant, volnerantur.
About six hundred were killed there, and almost all who had been caught between the wall and the ditch were wounded.
ita suo ipse conatu perculsus praetor segnior ad alia factus consilia erat. et ne Eumeni quidem simul a mari simul a terra adgredienti quidquam satis procedebat.
Thus the praetor, disheartened by his own enterprise, became less active for other plans. And not even for Eumenes, who was attacking simultaneously from the sea and from the land, did anything proceed successfully enough.
placuit igitur utrique custodiis firmatis, ne quod praesidium ex Macedonia intromitti posset, quoniam vis aperta non processisset,3 operibus moenia oppugnare.
It was therefore decided by both, having strengthened the guards so that no garrison could be introduced from Macedonia, since open force had not succeeded, to assault the walls by siege works.
haec parantibus iis decem regii lembi ab Thessalonica cum delectis Gallorum auxiliaribus missi, cum in salo stantes hostium naves conspexissent, ipsi obscura nocte, simplici ordine, quam poterant proxime litus tenentes, intrarunt urbem.
While they were preparing this, ten royal light vessels sent from Thessalonica with select Gallic auxiliaries, having sighted the enemy’s ships standing at anchor in the open sea, themselves entered the city in the dark night, in a single line, keeping as close as possible to the shore.
huius novi praesidii fama absistere oppugnatione simul Romanos regemque coegit. circumvecti promunturium ad Toronen classem appulerunt.
The report of this new garrison compelled both the Romans and the king to desist from the siege. Rounding the promontory, they brought their fleet to Torone.
eam quoque oppugnare adorti, ubi valida defendi manu animadverterunt, inrito incepto Demetriadem petunt. ibi cum adpropinquantes repleta moenia armatis vidissent, praetervecti ad Iolcon classem appulerunt, inde agro vastato Demetriadem quoque adgressuri.4
Having attempted to attack this place too, when they perceived that it was defended by a strong force, they abandoned the attempt in vain and made for Demetrias. There, when on approaching they saw the walls filled with armed men, they sailed past and brought their fleet to Iolcos, intending to lay waste the territory from there and then attack Demetrias as well.
- 44.12.2pro eo, qui occupasset adgredi, opus factum esse rati
The construction is complex; pro eo is taken here as a prepositional phrase meaning 'for the purpose of' or 'as a means to,' governing the historical infinitive or simple infinitive adgredi ('to attack'). qui occupasset (subjunctive pluperfect) refers to 'whoever had occupied (the place).' The garrison commanders assumed that the breach-making work had been done as a means of attacking those who had already occupied the spot.
- 44.12.2ruina cumulant
ruina is an ablative of instrument meaning 'ruin, fall, or debris.' It vividly depicts the scene where the Roman soldiers, driven into the narrow ditch, fell on top of one another and were piled up or buried under the falling mass of bodies and collapsed earth.
- 44.12.5quoniam vis aperta non processisset
The verb processisset (subjunctive pluperfect) is used after the causal conjunction quoniam (which usually takes the indicative) to express the subjective reasoning of the commanders (utrique), functioning in an implied indirect discourse (suboblique subjunctive).
- 44.12.8adgressuri
The future active participle adgressuri is placed at the end of the period to express the intention or purpose of the main subjects (the Romans and Eumenes): 'intending to attack' or 'with the purpose of attacking.' This is a classic usage of the future participle in Latin to indicate intent.