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Physics (alternative version)

§2#2

Direct Contact in Alteration, Increase, and Decrease

Aristotle examines the processes of alteration (associated with sensory affections) and increase/decrease, demonstrating that the agent and the patient in these movements are together with no intermediary between them.

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§2#2

ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦ ἀλλοιουμένου καὶ τοῦ ἀλλοιοῦντος1 | οὐδέν ἐστιν μεταξύ. τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐκ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς. ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ συμ|βαίνει ἅμα εἶναι τὸ ἀλλοιοῦν ἔσχατον καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἀλλοιούμενον. τὸ γὰρ ποιὸν ἀλλοιοῦται τῷ αἰσθητὸν εἶναι,2 αἰσθητὰ δέ ἐστιν οἷς διαφέρουσιν | τὰ σώματα ἀλλήλων, οἷον βαρύτης κουφότης, σκληρότης μαλακότης, | ψόφος ἀψοφία, λευκότης μελανία, γλυκύτης πικρότης, ὑγρότης ξηρό|της, πυκνότης μανότης, καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ τούτων, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα | τὰ ὑπὸ τὰς αἰσθήσεις, ὧν ἐστι καὶ ἡ θερμότης καὶ ἡ ψυχρότης, καὶ ἡ | λειότης καὶ ἡ τραχύτης. ταῦτα γάρ ἐστι πάθη τῆς ὑποκειμένης ποιότητος. | τούτοις γὰρ διαφέρουσι τὰ αἰσθητὰ τῶν σωμάτων ἢ κατὰ τὸ τούτων τι μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον πάσχειν. θερμαινόμενα γὰρ ἢ ψυχόμενα | ἢ γλυκαινόμενα ἢ πικραινόμενα ἢ κατά τι ἄλλο τῶν προειρημέ|νων ὁμοίως τά τε ἔμψυχα τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τὰ ἄψυχα καὶ τῶν ἐμψύχων ὅσα τῶν μερῶν ἄψυχα. καὶ αὐταὶ δὲ αἱ αἰσθήσεις ἀλλοιοῦνται. πά|σχουσι γάρ· ἡ γὰρ ἐνέργεια αὐτῶν κίνησίς ἐστιν διὰ σώματος πασχούσης τι τῆς αἰσθήσεως.3 καθʼ ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἀλλοιοῦνται τὰ ἄψυχα, καὶ τὰ ἔμψυχα | κατὰ πάντα ταῦτα ἀλλοιοῦνται· καθʼ ὅσα δὲ τὰ ἔμψυχα ἀλλοι|οῦνται, κατὰ ταῦτα οὐκ ἀλλοιοῦνται τὰ ἄψυχα (κατὰ γὰρ τὰς αἰσθήσεις | οὐκ ἀλλοιοῦνται)· καὶ λανθάνει ἀλλοιούμενα τὰ ἄψυχα. οὐθὲν δὲ κωλύει | καὶ τὰ ἔμψυχα λανθάνειν ἀλλοιούμενα, ὅταν μὴ κατὰ τὰς αἰσθήσεις | συμβαίνῃ τὸ τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως αὐτοῖς. εἴπερ οὖν αἰσθητὰ μὲν τὰ πάθη, | διὰ δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀλλοίωσις, τούτοις γε φανερὸν ὅτι τὸ πάσχον καὶ τὸ | πάθος4 ἅμα, καὶ τούτων οὐθέν ἐστιν μεταξύ. τῷ μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἀὴρ συνεχής, τῷ | δʼ ἀέρι συνάπτει τὸ σῶμα· καὶ ἡ μὲν ἐπιφάνεια πρὸς τὸ φῶς, τὸ δὲ φῶς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ καὶ ἡ ὄσφρησις πρὸς τὸ κι|νοῦν αὐτὰς πρῶτον. τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ἅμα καὶ ἡ γεῦσις καὶ ὁ χυμός | ἐστιν. καὶ τὸ αὐξανόμενον δὲ καὶ τὸ αὖξον· πρόσθεσις γάρ τις ἡ αὔξησις, ὥσθʼ ἅμα τό | τʼ αὐξανόμενον καὶ τὸ αὖξον. καὶ ἡ φθίσις δέ· τὸ γὰρ τῆς φθίσεως αἴ|τιον ἀφαίρεσίς τις. φανερὸν δὴ ὡς τοῦ κινοῦντος ἐσχάτου καὶ τοῦ κινου|μένου πρώτου οὐθέν ἐστιν μεταξύ.|

​But indeed, neither is there anything between that which is altered and that which alters. And this is clear from induction. For in all cases it happens that the last altering agent and the first altered thing are together. For quality is altered by being sensible, and those things are sensible by which bodies differ from one another, such as heaviness and lightness, hardness and softness, sound and soundlessness, whiteness and blackness, sweetness and bitterness, wetness and dryness, density and rarity, and the intermediates between these, and likewise the other things under the senses, among which are also heat and cold, smoothness and roughness. For these are affections of the underlying quality. For it is by these that sensible bodies differ, or by suffering one of these to a greater or lesser degree. For in being heated or cooled, or sweetened or embittered, or in respect of any other of the aforementioned qualities, both animate and inanimate bodies are affected in like manner, and among animate bodies, such parts as are inanimate. And the senses themselves also undergo alteration; for they suffer action, since their actualization is a motion through the body, while the sense suffers something. In whatever respects, then, inanimate things are altered, animate things are also altered in all these respects; but in those respects in which animate things are altered, inanimate things are not altered in those respects (for they are not altered in respect of senses); and inanimate things are altered without it being noticed. But nothing prevents animate things also from being altered without it being noticed, when the occurrence of their alteration does not happen in respect of the senses. If, then, the affections are sensible, and the alteration is through these, it is clear in these cases at least that the patient and the affection are together, and there is nothing between them. For the air is continuous with the one, and the body touches the air; and the surface is in contact with the light, and the light with the sight. And likewise also hearing and smell are in contact with that which first moves them. And in the same way, taste and flavor are also together. And also that which is increased and that which increases; for increase is a certain addition, so that both that which is increased and that which increases are together. And decrease also; for the cause of decrease is a certain subtraction. It is clear, then, that there is nothing between the last mover and the first moved.

Syntax notes4 items
  1. 244a25τοῦ ἀλλοιουμένου καὶ τοῦ ἀλλοιοῦντος

    Genitive case governed by the preposition μεταξύ ("between"). οὐδέ ("neither") introduces an additional negation following the previous conclusion about locomotion, stating that there is likewise no intermediary in alteration.

  2. 244a27–8τῷ αἰσθητὸν εἶναι

    Dative of the articular infinitive, expressing cause or means. The logical subject of the infinitive εἶναι is the omitted subject of the main clause τὸ ποιόν, and its complement αἰσθητὸν agrees with it in the nominative neuter singular.

  3. 244b25–6πασχούσης τι τῆς αἰσθήσεως

    Genitive absolute construction. It takes the sense organ (τῆς αἰσθήσεως) as the logical subject, defining the actualization (ἐνέργεια) of sense as a motion through the body while the sense organ suffers some action (πάσχουσι).

  4. 245a21τὸ πάσχον καὶ τὸ πάθος

    Refers to τὸ πάσχον (the patient or affected thing) and τὸ πάθος (the affection or acting quality). The physical continuity of air, light, and the sense organs immediately following demonstrates that the patient and the active quality in alteration are in direct contact.

Translated by Gemini 3.5 Flash (published 2026-05-22)urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg054.humanitext-grc1:2#2