Conclusion of Works and Division of Philosophy — Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers §5.1.25-5.1.29 (Diogenes Laertius) | Greek text & English translation

Συναγωγῆς α′ β′. Περὶ φύσεως α′ β′ γ′. Φυσικὸν α′. Περὶ τῆς Ἀρχυτείου φιλοσοφίας α′ β′ γ′. Περὶ τῆς Σπευσίππου καὶ Ξενοκράτους α′. Τὰ ἐκ τοῦ Τιμαίου καὶ τῶν Ἀρχυτείων α′. Πρὸς τὰ Μελίσσου α′. Πρὸς τὰ Ἀλκμαίωνος α′. Πρὸς τοὺς Πυθαγορείους α′. Πρὸς τὰ Γοργίου α′. Πρὸς τὰ Ξενοφάνους α′. Πρὸς τὰ Ζήνωνος α′. Περὶ τῶν Πυθαγορείων α′. Περὶ ζῴων α′ β′ γ′ δ′ ε′ σ′ ζ′ η′ θ′. Ἀνατομῶν α′ β′ γ′ δ′ ε′ σ′ ζ′ η′. Ἐκλογὴ ἀνατομῶν α′. Ὑπὲρ τῶν συνθέτων ζῴων α′. Ὑπὲρ τῶν μυθολογουμένων ζῴων α′. Ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ γεννᾶν α′. Περὶ φυτῶν α′ β′. Φυσιογνωμονικὸν α′. Ἰατρικὰ β′. Περὶ μονάδος α′.

Collection, 1, 2. On Nature, 1, 2, 3. Physical Treatise, 1. On the Philosophy of Archytas, 1, 2, 3. On that of Speusippus and Xenocrates, 1. Extracts from the Timaeus and the Works of Archytas, 1. Against the Writings of Melissus, 1. Against the Writings of Alcmaeon, 1. Against the Pythagoreans, 1. Against the Writings of Gorgias, 1. Against the Writings of Xenophanes, 1. Against the Writings of Zeno, 1. On the Pythagoreans, 1. On Animals, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Anatomy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Selection of Anatomies, 1. On Composite Animals, 1. On Fabulous Animals, 1. On Inability to Reproduce, 1. On Plants, 1, 2. Physiognomonics, 1. Medical Writings, 2. On the Monad, 1.

Σημεῖα χειμώνων α′. Ἀστρονομικὸν α′. Ὀπτικὸν α′. Περὶ κινήσεως α′. Περὶ μουσικῆς α′. Μνημονικὸν α′. Ἀπορημάτων Ὁμηρικῶν α′ β′ γ′ δ′ ε′ σ′. Ποιητικὰ α′. Φυσικῶν κατὰ στοιχεῖον ληʼ. Ἐπιτεθεαμένων προβλημάτων α′ β′. Ἐγκυκλίων α′ β′. Μηχανικὸν α′. Προβλήματα ἐκ τῶν Δημοκρίτου β′. Περὶ τῆς λίθου α′. Παραβολαὶ α′. Ἄτακτα ιβʼ. Ἐξηγημένα κατὰ γένος ιδʼ. Δικαιώματα α′. Ὀλυμπιονῖκαι α′. Πυθιονῖκαι 〈αʼ. Περὶ〉 μουσικῆς α′. Πυθικὸς α′. Πυθιονικῶν ἔλεγχος α′. Νῖκαι Διονυσιακαὶ α′. Περὶ τραγῳδιῶν α′. Διδασκαλίαι α′. Παροιμίαι α′. Νόμοι συσσιτικοὶ α′. Νόμων α′ β′ γ′ δ′. Κατηγοριῶν α′. Περὶ ἑρμηνείας α′.

Signs of Storms, 1. Astronomical Treatise, 1. Optics, 1. On Motion, 1. On Music, 1. On Memory, 1. Homeric Problems, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Poetics, 1. Physical Questions Alphabetically Arranged, 38. Examined Problems, 1, 2. Encyclic Treatises, 1, 2. Mechanics, 1. Problems from Democritus, 2. On the Magnet, 1. Analogies, 1. Miscellanies, 12. Classified Expositions, 14. Claims of Right, 1. Olympic Victors, 1. Pythian Victors, 1. On Music, 1. Pythian Treatise, 1. Examination of the Pythian Victors, 1. Dionysian Victories, 1. On Tragedies, 1. Didascaliae, 1. Proverbs, 1. Rules for Common Messes, 1. On Laws, 1, 2, 3, 4. Categories, 1. On Interpretation, 1.

Πολιτεῖαι πόλεων δυοῖν δεούσαιν ρξʼ¹ 〈κοιναὶ〉 καὶ ἴδιαι, δημοκρατικαί, ὀλιγαρχικαί, ἀριστοκρατικαὶ καὶ τυραννικαί. Ἐπιστολαὶ πρὸς Φίλιππον. Σηλυμβρίων ἐπιστολαί. Πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιστολαὶ δ′. Πρὸς Ἀντίπατρον θ′. Πρὸς Μέντορα α′. Πρὸς Ἀρίστωνα α′. Πρὸς Ὀλυμπιάδα α′. Πρὸς Ἡφαιστίωνα α′. Πρὸς Θεμισταγόραν α′. Πρὸς Φιλόξενον α′. Πρὸς Δημόκριτον α′. Ἔπη ὧν ἀρχή, Ἁγνὲ θεῶν πρέσβισθʼ ἑκατηβόλε. Ἐλεγεῖα ὧν ἀρχή, Καλλιτέκνου μητρὸς θύγατερ. Γίνονται αἱ πᾶσαι μυριάδες στίχων τέτταρες καὶ τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς πεντακισχιλίοις καὶ διακοσίοις ἑβδομήκοντα.

Constitutions of 158 Cities, common and individual, democratic, oligarchic, aristocratic, and tyrannic. Letters to Philip. Letters of the Selymbrians. To Alexander, 4 books of letters. To Antipater, 9. To Mentor, 1. To Ariston, 1. To Olympias, 1. To Hephaestion, 1. To Themistagoras, 1. To Philoxenus, 1. To Democritus, 1. Epic poems beginning: "Pure, most revered of gods, far-darting one." Elegiac poems beginning: "Daughter of a mother blessed with fair offspring." The sum total of all lines comes to forty-four myriads, plus five thousand two hundred and seventy (445,270 lines).

Καὶ τοσαῦτα μὲν αὐτῷ πεπραγμάτευται βιβλία. βούλεται δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς τάδε· διττὸν εἶναι τὸν κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν λόγον, τὸν μὲν πρακτικόν, τὸν δὲ θεωρητικόν· καὶ τοῦ πρακτικοῦ τόν τε ἠθικὸν καὶ πολιτικόν, οὗ τά τε περὶ πόλιν καὶ τὰ περὶ οἶκον ὑπογεγράφθαι· τοῦ δὲ θεωρητικοῦ τόν τε φυσικὸν καὶ λογικόν, οὗ τὸ λογικὸν οὐχ ὁλομερῶς, ἀλλʼ ὡς ὄργανον προσηκριβωμένον². καὶ τούτου διττοὺς ὑποθέμενος σκοποὺς τό τε πιθανὸν καὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς διεσάφησε. δύο δὲ πρὸς ἑκάτερον δυνάμεσιν ἐχρήσατο, διαλεκτικῇ μὲν καὶ ῥητορικῇ πρὸς τὸ πιθανόν, ἀναλυτικῇ δὲ καὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ πρὸς τὸ ἀληθές· οὐδὲν ὑπολειπόμενος οὔτε τῶν πρὸς εὕρεσιν, οὔτε τῶν πρὸς κρίσιν, οὔτε μὴν τῶν πρὸς χρῆσιν.

So many are the books composed by him. In them, he holds the following views: that discourse in philosophy is twofold, the one practical, the other theoretical; and of the practical, one part is ethical and the other political, under which both matters concerning the city and matters concerning the household are outlined; and of the theoretical, one part is physical and the other logical, the logical being treated not as an integral part, but thoroughly elaborated as an instrument. And having posited two goals for this logic, he made clear both the plausible and the true. He used two faculties for each: dialectic and rhetoric for the plausible, and analytics and philosophy for the true; leaving out nothing pertaining either to invention, to judgment, or indeed to practical application.

πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὴν εὕρεσιν τά τε Τοπικὰ καὶ Μεθοδικὰ παρέδωκε προτάσεων πλῆθος, ἐξ ὧν πρὸς τὰ προβλήματα πιθανῶν ἐπιχειρημάτων οἷόν τε εὐπορεῖν· πρὸς δὲ τὴν κρίσιν τὰ Ἀναλυτικὰ πρότερα καὶ ὕστερα. διὰ μὲν οὖν τῶν προτέρων τὰ λήμματα κρίνεται, διὰ δὲ τῶν ὑστέρων ἡ συναγωγὴ ἐξετάζεται. πρὸς δὲ τὴν χρῆσιν τά τε ἀγωνιστικὰ καὶ τὰ περὶ ἐρωτήσεως [ἐριστικά τε] καὶ σοφιστικῶν ἐλέγχων τε καὶ συλλογισμῶν καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων τούτοις. κριτήριον δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας τῶν μὲν κατὰ φαντασίαν ἐνεργημάτων τὴν αἴσθησιν ἀπεφήνατο³· τῶν δὲ ἠθικῶν, τῶν περὶ πόλιν καὶ περὶ οἶκον καὶ περὶ νόμους τὸν νοῦν.

For invention, then, he provided in the Topics and Methodics a multitude of propositions from which one can obtain an abundance of plausible arguments for problems; and for judgment, the Prior and Posterior Analytics. Through the Prior Analytics the premises are judged, and through the Posterior the deduction is examined. For application, he provided the contentious writings, the treatises on questioning, sophistic refutations, syllogisms, and things similar to these. As criterion of truth, he declared perception to be the criterion for operations based on imagination, but intellect (nous) for ethical matters, matters concerning the city, household, and laws.

Syntax notes3 items

5.1.27πόλεων δυοῖν δεούσαιν ρξʼ
The phrase literally means "lacking two of 160," signifying 158 constitutions of city-states. This is the classical Greek idiom for compound numerals involving subtraction with the participle of δέω in the dative agreeing with the number.
5.1.28οὗ τὸ λογικὸν οὐχ ὁλομερῶς, ἀλλʼ ὡς ὄργανον προσηκριβωμένον
The genitive relative pronoun οὗ refers to theoretical philosophy (τοῦ θεωρητικοῦ), qualifying the position of logic (τὸ λογικόν). Logic is characterized not as an integral "constituent part" (ὁλομερῶς) of philosophy alongside physics or metaphysics, but as an "instrument" (ὡς ὄργανον) elaborately crafted, anticipating the later designation of the logical treatises as the *Organon*.
5.1.29κριτήριον δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας τῶν μὲν κατὰ φαντασίαν ἐνεργημάτων τὴν αἴσθησιν ἀπεφήνατο
The verb ἀπεφήνατο takes a double accusative construction (object τὴν αἴσθησιν and predicate noun κριτήριον): "he declared perception to be the criterion". The genitives τῶν μὲν κατὰ φαντασίαν ἐνεργημάτων and the subsequent τῶν δὲ ἠθικῶν... depend on κριτήριον, functioning as objective genitives specifying the domain over which the criterion operates.

Model: gemini-3.8-flashurn:cts:greekLit:tlg0004.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:5.1.25-5.1.29