- Source
- Thucydides. Historiae, Vol 1-2. Jones, Henry Stuart, editor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1910. (1942 printing).
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
- Languages
- 日本語 · English · 简体中文 · 한국어
- CTS URN
- urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.1.1
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-10-23
Announcing the formal beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the author declares his methodological approach of recording the events chronologically by summers and winters.
ἄρχεται δὲ ὁ πόλεμος ἐνθένδε ἤδη Ἀθηναίων καὶ Πελοποννησίων καὶ τῶν ἑκατέροις ξυμμάχων, ἐν ᾧ οὔτε ἐπεμείγνυντο ἔτι ἀκηρυκτεὶ παρ᾽ ἀλλήλους καταστάντες1 τε ξυνεχῶς ἐπολέμουν· γέγραπται δὲ ἑξῆς ὡς ἕκαστα ἐγίγνετο κατὰ θέρος καὶ χειμῶνα.2
The war between the Athenians and the Peloponnesians and their respective allies begins from this point onward, during which they no longer had intercourse with one another without a herald, and, having entered into a state of war, fought continuously. It has been written down in order, as each event occurred, by summers and winters.
- 2.1.1καταστάντες
The second aorist active participle (masculine nominative plural) of καθίστημι, meaning 'having established themselves' or 'having entered into a state of war.' It modifies the subject of the main verb ἐπολέμουν and indicates the initiation of formal, continuous hostilities.
- 2.1.1κατὰ θέρος καὶ χειμῶνα
This expression states Thucydides' methodological principle of organizing his history by seasons. The preposition κατά functions distributively ('by' or 'according to'), dividing each year into 'summer' (the campaigning season) and 'winter' (the period of reduced military activity).