- Source
- Digesta Iustiniani Augusti. Mommsen, Theodor & Krueger, Paul, editors. Berlin: Weidmann, 1870.
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
- Languages
- 日本語 · English · 简体中文 · 한국어
- CTS URN
- urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:3.3.35.pr-3.3.35.3
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-11-03
This section discusses the scope of the duty to defend for specific close relatives who can act as procurators without a mandate, and the compulsion to accept a trial.
[ULPIANUS libro nono ad edictum.]
[ULPIAN, in the ninth book on the Edict.]
Sed et hae personae procuratorum1 debebunt defendere, quibus sine mandatu agere licet: ut puta liberi, licet sint in potestate, item parentes et fratres et adfines et liberti.
But also those persons who act as procurators, and who are allowed to sue without a mandate, must defend: as, for example, children, even though they are under power, and likewise parents, brothers, affines, and freedmen.
Patronus libertum et per procuratorem ut ingratum accusare potest et libertus per procuratorem respondere.
A patron can accuse a freedman as ungrateful even through a procurator, and the freedman can answer through a procurator.
Non solum autem si actio postuletur a procuratore, sed et si praeiudicium uel interdictum, uel si stipulatione legatorum uel damni infecti uelit caueri:2 debebit absentem defendere in competenti tribunali et eadem prouincia. ceterum cogi eum etiam in prouincia de Roma abire uel e contrario uel a prouincia in aliam prouinciam et defendere durum est.
Moreover, not only if an action is demanded from a procurator, but also if a preliminary judgment or an interdict is sought, or if security is desired through a stipulation for legacies or for threatened damage, he must defend the absent person before a competent tribunal and in the same province. However, it is harsh to compel him to go from Rome even to a province, or vice versa, or from one province to another, and defend the suit.
Defendere autem est id facere quod dominus in litem faceret, et cauere idonee: nec debebit durior condicio procuratoris fieri quam est domini, praeterquam in satisdando. praeter satisdationem procurator ita defendere uidetur, si iudicium accipiat. unde quaesitum est apud Iulianum, an compellatur, an uero sufficiat ob rem non defensam stipulationem committi.3 et Iulianus scribit libro tertio digestorum compellendum accipere iudicium: nisi et agendum causa cognita recusauerit4 uel ex iusta causa remotus fuerit. defendere uidetur procurator et si in possessionem uenire patiatur, cum quis damni infecti satis uel legatorum desideret,
Now, to defend is to do what the principal would do in the suit, and to give proper security; and the position of the procurator ought not to be made harder than that of the principal, except in the matter of giving security by sureties. Apart from giving security by sureties, a procurator is considered to defend in this way, if he accepts the trial. Hence, it was questioned before Julian whether he should be compelled to do so, or whether it is sufficient that the stipulation be forfeited for default of defense. And Julian writes in the third book of his Digest that he must be compelled to accept the trial, unless, after cause shown, he has refused to act or has been removed for a just cause. A procurator is also considered to defend if he allows the other party to enter into possession, when someone demands security for threatened damage or for legacies,
- 3.3.35.prprocuratorum
procuratorum (genitive plural) is an explicative genitive (genitivus explicativus) defining hae personae, meaning 'these persons who have the character of procurators.'
- 3.3.35.2stipulatione legatorum uel damni infecti uelit caueri
caueri is a passive infinitive used impersonally, meaning 'security to be provided'. stipulatione is an ablative of means ('by stipulation'), and legatorum and damni infecti are genitives depending on it.
- 3.3.35.3sufficiat ob rem non defensam stipulationem committi
stipulationem committi is an accusative with infinitive (A.C.I.) clause acting as the subject of the impersonal verb sufficiat. The verb committi indicates that the condition of the stipulation is met (forfeited) due to the default of defense, making the penalty enforceable.
- 3.3.35.3nisi et agendum causa cognita recusauerit
causa cognita is an ablative absolute, meaning 'after the cause has been examined' or 'upon judicial inquiry'. agendum is the accusative of the gerund, serving as the direct object of recusauerit ('refused to act/sue').