- Source
- Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri editionem priman, Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
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- CTS URN
- urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi001.humanitext-lat2:1.43.1-1.43.13
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-11-05
Describes the specific divisions of the "census" instituted by Servius Tullius, organizing citizens into five classes and centuries based on wealth, explaining the distribution of military and voting duties, and noting the difference from the contemporary tribal system.
ex iis, qui centum milium aeris aut maiorem censum haberent,1 octoginta confecit centurias, quadragenas seniorum ac iuniorum;
Of those who possessed a census of one hundred thousand asses or more, he formed eighty centuries, forty of seniors and forty of juniors.
prima classis omnes appellati; seniores ad urbis custodiam ut praesto essent, iuvenes ut foris bella gererent. arma his imperata galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere, haec, ut tegumenta corporis essent;
They were all called the first class; the seniors were to be ready for the defense of the city, the juniors to wage war abroad. The armor prescribed for them was a helmet, a round shield, greaves, and a breastplate, all of bronze, and these for the protection of the body.
tela in hostem hastaque et gladius. additae huic classi duae fabrum centuriae, quae sine armis stipendia facerent; datum munus, ut machinas in bello ferrent.
Their weapons against the enemy were a spear and a sword. To this class were added two centuries of engineers, who were to serve without arms; the duty assigned to them was to carry the military engines in war.
secunda classis intra centum usque ad quinque et septuaginta milium censum instituta, et ex iis, senioribus iunioribusque, viginti conscriptae centuriae.
The second class was established for a census between one hundred thousand down to seventy-five thousand asses, and from these, consisting of seniors and juniors, twenty centuries were enrolled.
arma imperata scutum pro clipeo et praeter loricam omnia eadem. tertiae classis quinquaginta milium censum esse voluit; totidem centuriae et hae eodemque discrimine aetatium factae. nec de armis quicquam mutatum, ocreae tantum ademptae.
The armor prescribed for them was a long shield instead of a round one, and all other things were the same except for the breastplate. He wished the census of the third class to be fifty thousand asses; the same number of centuries was formed, and these with the same distinction of ages. Nor was any change made in their armor, except that the greaves were taken away.
in quarta classe census quinque et viginti milium; totidem centuriae factae. arma mutata, nihil praeter hastam et verutum datum.
In the fourth class, the census was twenty-five thousand asses; the same number of centuries was formed. The armor was changed, nothing being given except a spear and a javelin.
quinta classis aucta; centuriae triginta factae. fundas lapidesque missiles hi secum gerebant.
The fifth class was increased; thirty centuries were formed. These carried slings and missile stones with them.
his accensi cornicines tubicinesque, in duas centurias distributi. undecim milibus haec classis censebatur. hoc minor census reliquam multitudinem habuit; inde una centuria facta est immunis militia2 ita pedestri exercitu ornato distributoque equitum ex primoribus civitatis duodecim scripsit centurias.
To these were added horn-blowers and trumpeters, distributed into two centuries. This class was rated at eleven thousand asses. A census lower than this contained the rest of the multitude; from them, one century was formed, exempt from military service. The infantry army being thus equipped and distributed, he enrolled twelve centuries of cavalry from the foremost men of the state.
sex item alias centurias, tribus ab Romulo institutis, sub iisdem, quibus inauguratae erant, nominibus fecit. ad equos emendos dena milia aeris ex publico data, et, quibus equos alerent, viduae adtributae, quae bina milia aeris in annos singulos penderent. haec omnia in dites a pauperibus inclinata onera.
He likewise formed six other centuries under the same names with which they had been inaugurated, in addition to the three instituted by Romulus. To purchase horses, ten thousand asses were given from the public treasury, and widows were assigned to pay two thousand asses annually for their maintenance. All these burdens were shifted from the poor to the rich.
deinde est honos additus; non enim, ut ab Romulo traditum ceteri servaverant reges, viritim suffragium eadem vi eodemque iure promisce omnibus datum est, sed gradus facti, ut neque exclusus quisquam suffragio videretur et vis omnis penes primores civitatis esset. equites enim vocabantur primi;
Then honor was added; for the vote was not given promiscuously to all with the same influence and the same right, as had been handed down by Romulus and preserved by the other kings, but degrees were established so that no one might seem excluded from the vote, and yet all the power should remain in the hands of the foremost men of the state. For the cavalry were called first;
octoginta inde primae classis centuriae; ibi si variaret, quod raro incidebat, ut secundae classis vocarentur; nec fere umquam infra ita descenderunt, ut ad infimos pervenirent.
then the eighty centuries of the first class; if there was a division of opinion there, which rarely happened, it was arranged that the centuries of the second class should be called; and they scarcely ever descended so far as to reach the lowest classes.
nec mirari oportet hunc ordinem, qui nunc est post expletas quinque et triginta tribus duplicato earum numero centuriis iuniorum seniorumque, ad institutam ab Servio Tullio summam non convenire.3
Nor ought it to cause surprise that this organization which now exists, after the thirty-five tribes were completed, their number being doubled by the centuries of juniors and seniors, does not agree with the total instituted by Servius Tullius.
quadrifariam enim urbe divisa regionibus collibusque, qui habitabantur, partes eas tribus appellavit, ut ego arbitror, ab tributo; nam eius quoque aequaliter ex censu conferendi ab eodem inita ratio est;4 neque eae tribus ad centuriarum distributionem numerumque quicquam pertinuere.
For having divided the city into four parts according to the regions and hills that were inhabited, he called these parts “tribes,” from “tribute,” as I suppose; for the method of contributing this also equally according to the census was started by the same man; nor did those tribes have anything to do with the distribution and number of the centuries.
- 1.43.1ex iis, qui centum milium aeris aut maiorem censum haberent
The subjunctive verb haberent in the relative clause is a subjunctive of characteristic, defining a general category of people ("such as had...") rather than specific individuals.
- 1.43.8inde una centuria facta est immunis militia
The noun militia is an ablative of separation (or specification) governed by the adjective immunis ("exempt from military service").
- 1.43.12nec mirari oportet hunc ordinem ... ad institutam ab Servio Tullio summam non convenire
The impersonal verb oportet ("it is proper") governs the infinitive mirari ("to wonder"), which in turn takes the accusative-and-infinitive clause hunc ordinem... non convenire ("that this organization... does not agree") as its object.
- 1.43.13nam eius quoque aequaliter ex censu conferendi ab eodem inita ratio est
The phrase eius... conferendi is a gerundive construction in the genitive case, where eius refers back to tributum (implied by tributo), modifying ratio ("the method of contributing it").