- Source
- Pausanias. Pausaniae Graeciae descriptio, Volumes 1-3. Spiro, Friedrich, editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1903.
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
- Languages
- 日本語 · English · 简体中文 · 한국어
- CTS URN
- urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:10.19.7-10.19.12
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-11-03
The failure of the second Galatian expedition is narrated alongside Brennus's agitation for a new invasion of Greece and the unique cavalry organization called trimarcisia, followed by the desperate resolution of the Greeks facing this threat.
ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν Θρᾷκας καὶ τὸ ἔθνος τὸ Τριβαλλῶν ἔμελλε Κερέθριος ἡγήσεσθαι· τοῖς δὲ ἐς Παιονίαν ἰοῦσι Βρέννος ἦσαν καὶ Ἀκιχώριος ἄρχοντες· Βόλγιος δὲ ἐπὶ Μακεδόνας τε καὶ Ἰλλυριοὺς ἤλασε, καὶ ἐς ἀγῶνα πρὸς Πτολεμαῖον κατέστη τότε ἔχοντα τὴν Μακεδόνων βασιλείαν. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ἦν οὗτος ὃς Σέλευκόν τε ἐδολοφόνησε τὸν Ἀντιόχου, καταπεφευγὼς ὅμως ἱκέτης ὡς αὐτόν,1 καὶ εἶχεν ἐπίκλησιν Κεραυνὸς διὰ τὸ ἄγαν τολμηρόν. καὶ ὁ μὲν αὐτός τε ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ καὶ τῶν Μακεδόνων ἐγένετο οὐκ ἐλαχίστη φθορά· προελθεῖν δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα οὐδὲ τότε ἐθάρσησαν οἱ Κελτοί, καὶ ὁ δεύτερος οὕτω στόλος ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν.
Therefore, Cerethrius was to lead against the Thracians and the Triballian nation; those who marched into Paeonia had Brennus and Acichorius as commanders; and Belgius marched against the Macedonians and Illyrians, and engaged in a contest with Ptolemy, who then held the kingdom of the Macedonians. This Ptolemy was the one who murdered Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, although having fled to him as a suppliant, and he had the surname Ceraunus because of his excessive daring. And Ptolemy himself died in the battle, and there was a not inconsiderable destruction of the Macedonians; but even then the Celts did not dare to advance toward Greece, and thus the second expedition returned to their own home.
ἔνθα δὴ ὁ Βρέννος πολὺς μὲν ἐν συλλόγοις τοῖς κοινοῖς, πολὺς δὲ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἦν2 τῶν ἐν τέλει Γαλατῶν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπαίρων στρατεύεσθαι, ἀσθένειάν τε Ἑλλήνων τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι διηγούμενος καὶ ὡς χρήματα πολλὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ κοινῷ, πλείονα δὲ ἐν ἱεροῖς τά τε ἀναθήματα καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ χρυσός ἐστιν ἐπίσημος· ἀνέπεισέ τε δὴ τοὺς Γαλάτας ἐλαύνειν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, καὶ αὑτῷ συνάρχοντας ἄλλους τε προσείλετο τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τὸν Ἀκιχώριον.
Thereupon Brennus was very active in the public assemblies, and very active with each of the Galatians in authority, urging them to campaign against Greece, recounting the weakness of the Greeks at the present time, and how there was much money in public funds, but more in the temples, both in dedicated offerings and in silver and stamped gold; and indeed he persuaded the Galatians to march against Greece, and chose as his fellow-commanders others of those in authority and Acichorius.
ὁ δὲ ἀθροισθεὶς στρατὸς πεζοὶ μὲν μυριάδες ἐγένοντο πεντεκαίδεκα προσόντων σφίσι δισχιλίων, οἱ δὲ ἱππεύοντες τετρακόσιοι καὶ δισμύριοι. τοσοῦτοι μὲν ἦσαν τῶν ἱππέων τὸ ἀεὶ ἐνεργόν, ἀριθμὸς δὲ αὐτῶν ὁ ἀληθὴς διακόσιοί τε καὶ χίλιοι καὶ ἓξ μυριάδες· δύο γὰρ οἰκέται περὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ἱππευόντων ἦσαν, ἀγαθοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰ ἱππικὰ καὶ ἵππους ὁμοίως ἔχοντες.
The army that assembled was fifteen ten-thousands and two thousand infantry, and twenty-four thousand cavalry. This was the number of the cavalry always active, but their true number was sixty-one thousand two hundred; for there were two servants for each of those riding, who were themselves also good at horsemanship and had horses in like manner.
Γαλατῶν δὲ τοῖς ἱππεύουσιν ἀγῶνος συνεστηκότος ὑπομένοντες τῆς τάξεως ὄπισθεν οἱ οἰκέται τοσάδε σφίσιν ἐγίνοντο χρήσιμοι· τῷ γὰρ ἱππεῖ συμβὰν ἢ τῷ ἵππῳ πεσεῖν, τὸν μὲν ἵππον παρεῖχεν ἀναβῆναι τῷ ἀνδρί, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ὁ δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ δεσπότου τὸν ἵππον ἀνέβαινεν· εἰ δὲ ἀμφοτέρους ἐπιλάβοι τὸ χρεών, ἐνταῦθα ἕτοιμος ἦν ἱππεύς. λαμβανόντων δὲ τραύματα αὐτῶν, ὁ μὲν ὑπεξῆγε τῶν δούλων ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸν τραυματίαν, ὁ δὲ καθίστατο ἐς τὴν τάξιν ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπελθόντος.
When a contest was established for the cavalry of the Galatians, the servants, remaining behind the line, were useful to them in this way: for if it happened that the horseman or the horse fell, one provided the horse for the man to mount, and if the man died, the slave mounted the horse instead of his master; but if the fate overtook both of them, there a horseman was ready. And when they received wounds, one of the slaves withdrew the wounded man to the camp, while the other took his place in the line instead of the one who had departed.
ταῦτα ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν3 ἐνομίσθη τοῖς Γαλάταις ἐς μίμησιν τοῦ ἐν Πέρσαις ἀριθμοῦ τῶν μυρίων, οἳ ἐκαλοῦντο Ἀθάνατοι. διάφορα δὲ ἦν, ὅτι κατελέγοντο ἀντὶ τῶν ἀποθνησκόντων ὑπὸ μὲν Περσῶν τῆς μάχης ὕστερον, Γαλάταις δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτὴν τοῦ ἔργου τὴν ἀκμὴν ὁ ἀριθμὸς ἀπεπληροῦτο τῶν ἱππέων. τοῦτο ὠνόμαζον τὸ σύνταγμα τριμαρκισίαν τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ φωνῇ· καὶ ἵππῳ τὸ ὄνομα ἴστω τις μάρκαν ὂν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν Κελτῶν.
In my opinion, this was established among the Galatians in imitation of the number of the ten thousand among the Persians, who were called the Immortals. But there was a difference, that enlistments to replace those who died were made by the Persians after the battle, whereas for the Galatians, the number of the cavalry was filled up during the very heat of the action. This organization they called trimarcisia in their native tongue; and let one know that the name for a horse among the Celts is marca.
παρασκευῇ μὲν τοσαύτῃ καὶ μετὰ διανοίας τοιαύτης ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁ Βρέννος ἤλαυνε· τοῖς δέ γε Ἕλλησι κατεπεπτώκει μὲν ἐς ἅπαν τὰ φρονήματα, τὸ δὲ ἰσχυρὸν τοῦ δείματος προῆγεν ἐς ἀνάγκην τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀμύνειν. ἑώρων δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀγῶνα οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἐλευθερίας γενησόμενον, καθὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ Μήδου ποτέ, οὐδὲ δοῦσιν ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν τὰ ἀπὸ τούτου σφίσιν ἄδειαν φέροντα· ἀλλὰ τά τε ἐς Μακεδόνας καὶ Θρᾷκας καὶ Παίονας τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας καταδρομῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ἔτι σφίσιν ἔκειτο ἐν μνήμῃ, καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ παρόντι τὰ ἐς Θεσσαλοὺς παρανομήματα ἀπηγγέλλετο. ὡς οὖν ἀπολωλέναι δέον4 ἢ ἐπικρατεστέρους εἶναι, κατʼ ἄνδρα τε ἰδίᾳ καὶ αἱ πόλεις διέκειντο ἐν κοινῷ.
With such preparation and with such a mind Brennus marched against Greece; but the spirits of the Greeks had fallen completely, yet the intensity of their fear impelled them to the necessity of defending Greece. For they saw that the present contest would not be for freedom, as it once was against the Mede, nor would giving water and earth bring them security thereafter; but what happened to the Macedonians, Thracians, and Paeonians during the former incursion of the Galatians still lay in their memory, and the lawless acts against the Thessalians at the present time were being reported. Thinking, therefore, that they must either perish or be victorious, both individuals privately and the cities in common were so disposed.
- 10.19.7καταπεφευγὼς ὅμως ἱκέτης ὡς αὐτόν
The word ὅμως (nevertheless) connected with the participle καταπεφευγώς emphasizes the treachery of Ptolemy's murder of Seleucus. It marks the concession: despite the fact that Seleucus "had fled to him as a suppliant," Ptolemy killed him.
- 10.19.8πολὺς μὲν ... πολὺς δὲ ... ἦν
The adjective πολύς is used predicatively with the subject Brennus, meaning "to be abundant/insistent (in an activity)." It describes him as being extremely active and persistent in his efforts to persuade both the public assembly and individuals.
- 10.19.11ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν
This is an absolute use of the infinitive δοκεῖν with the dative ἐμοί, forming a parenthetical idiom meaning "in my opinion" or "as it seems to me" (equivalent to ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν), which functions independently of the main sentence structure.
- 10.19.12ὡς οὖν ἀπολωλέναι δέον
The word δέον is the neuter participle of the impersonal verb δεῖ, used here in the accusative absolute construction with ὡς. It expresses a subjective reason or assumption: "as though it were necessary to perish" or "on the assumption that they must perish."