- Source
- Aristotle. Aristotelis De arte poetica liber. Kassel, Rudolf, editor. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1965 (printing).
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
- Languages
- 日本語 · English · 简体中文 · 한국어
- CTS URN
- urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg034.humanitext-grc2:4.1-4.21
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-10-27
Discusses the two natural origins of poetry (the instinct for imitation, and harmony/rhythm) and its divergence based on character. It traces how tragedy and comedy developed from Homeric precedents and improvisations, detailing the technical evolution of tragedy in terms of actors, chorus, magnitude, and meter.
ἐοίκασι δὲ γεννῆσαι μὲν ὅλως τὴν ποιητικὴν αἰτίαι δύο τινὲς καὶ αὗται φυσικαί.
Two causes, both of them natural, seem to have generated poetry in general.
τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστὶ καὶ τούτῳ διαφέρουσι τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ὅτι μιμητικώτατόν ἐστι1 καὶ τὰς μαθήσεις ποιεῖται διὰ μιμήσεως τὰς πρώτας, καὶ τὸ χαίρειν τοῖς μιμήμασι πάντας.
For indeed, imitation is natural to human beings from childhood, and they differ from other animals in this, that they are the most imitative of creatures and acquire their first lessons through imitation; and also that everyone takes pleasure in imitations.
σημεῖον δὲ τούτου τὸ συμβαῖνον ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων· ἃ γὰρ αὐτὰ λυπηρῶς ὁρῶμεν, τούτων τὰς εἰκόνας τὰς μάλιστα ἠκριβωμένας χαίρομεν θεωροῦντες, οἷον θηρίων τε μορφὰς τῶν ἀτιμοτάτων καὶ νεκρῶν.
Evidence of this is what happens in actual experience; for we take pleasure in contemplating the most precise images of things that we otherwise look upon with pain, such as the forms of the lowest beasts and of corpses.
αἴτιον δὲ καὶ τούτου, ὅτι μανθάνειν οὐ μόνον τοῖς φιλοσόφοις ἥδιστον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁμοίως, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ βραχὺ κοινωνοῦσιν αὐτοῦ.
The cause of this is that learning is most pleasant not only to philosophers but to others as well, even though they share in it only to a small degree.
διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο χαίρουσι τὰς εἰκόνας ὁρῶντες, ὅτι συμβαίνει θεωροῦντας μανθάνειν καὶ συλλογίζεσθαι τί ἕκαστον, οἷον ὅτι οὗτος ἐκεῖνος·2 ἐπεὶ ἐὰν μὴ τύχῃ προεωρακώς, οὐχ ᾗ μίμημα ποιήσει τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἀπεργασίαν ἢ τὴν χροιὰν ἢ διὰ τοιαύτην τινὰ ἄλλην αἰτίαν.
For this reason they rejoice in seeing images, because in contemplating them they happen to learn and infer what each thing is, for example, that “this person is that one”; since if one does not happen to have seen it beforehand, it will not produce pleasure qua imitation, but because of its execution or color or some other such cause.
κατὰ φύσιν δὲ ὄντος ἡμῖν τοῦ μιμεῖσθαι καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας καὶ τοῦ ῥυθμοῦ3 (τὰ γὰρ μέτρα ὅτι μόρια τῶν ῥυθμῶν ἐστι φανερὸν) ἐξ ἀρχῆς οἱ πεφυκότες πρὸς αὐτὰ μάλιστα κατὰ μικρὸν προάγοντες ἐγέννησαν τὴν ποίησιν ἐκ τῶν αὐτοσχεδιασμάτων.
Since imitation, harmony, and rhythm are natural to us (and it is clear that meters are parts of rhythms), those who from the beginning were most naturally gifted in these, by developing them little by little, generated poetry from improvisation.
διεσπάσθη δὲ κατὰ τὰ οἰκεῖα ἤθη ἡ ποίησις· οἱ μὲν γὰρ σεμνότεροι τὰς καλὰς ἐμιμοῦντο πράξεις καὶ τὰς τῶν τοιούτων, οἱ δὲ εὐτελέστεροι τὰς τῶν φαύλων, πρῶτον ψόγους ποιοῦντες, ὥσπερ ἕτεροι ὕμνους καὶ ἐγκώμια.
Poetry, however, was split according to the individual characters of the poets; for the more serious-minded imitated noble actions and the actions of noble people, while the more trivial-minded imitated the actions of meaner people, at first composing lampoons, just as the others composed hymns and panegyrics.
τῶν μὲν οὖν πρὸ Ὁμήρου οὐδενὸς ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν τοιοῦτον ποίημα, εἰκὸς δὲ εἶναι πολλούς, ἀπὸ δὲ Ὁμήρου ἀρξαμένοις ἔστιν, οἷον ἐκείνου ὁ Μαργίτης καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἐν οἷς κατὰ τὸ ἁρμόττον καὶ τὸ ἰαμβεῖον ἦλθε μέτρον—διὸ καὶ ἰαμβεῖον καλεῖται νῦν, ὅτι ἐν τῷ μέτρῳ τούτῳ ἰάμβιζον ἀλλήλους.
Before Homer, we cannot mention any such poem by anyone, though it is likely that there were many; but beginning with Homer, there are some, such as his own Margites and similar works. In these, the iambic meter was introduced in accordance with what was fitting—which is why it is now called iambic, because in this meter they lampooned one another.
καὶ ἐγένοντο τῶν παλαιῶν οἱ μὲν ἡρωικῶν οἱ δὲ ἰάμβων ποιηταί.
And among the ancients, some became poets of heroic verse, and others of iambic verse.
ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ τὰ σπουδαῖα μάλιστα ποιητὴς Ὅμηρος ἦν (μόνος γὰρ οὐχ ὅτι εὖ ἀλλὰ καὶ μιμήσεις δραματικὰς ἐποίησεν), οὕτως καὶ τὸ τῆς κωμῳδίας σχῆμα πρῶτος ὑπέδειξεν, οὐ ψόγον ἀλλὰ τὸ γελοῖον δραματοποιήσας· ὁ γὰρ Μαργίτης ἀνάλογον ἔχει, ὥσπερ Ἰλιὰς καὶ ἡ Ὀδύσσεια πρὸς τὰς τραγῳδίας, οὕτω καὶ οὗτος πρὸς τὰς κωμῳδίας.
Just as Homer was also pre-eminently the poet of serious matters (for he was unique in composing not only well but also dramatic imitations), so too he was the first to indicate the form of comedy, by dramatizing not lampoon but the ridiculous; for the Margites stands in the same relation to comedies as the Iliad and the Odyssey do to tragedies.
παραφανείσης δὲ τῆς τραγῳδίας καὶ κωμῳδίας οἱ ἐφ’ ἑκατέραν τὴν ποίησιν ὁρμῶντες4 κατὰ τὴν οἰκείαν φύσιν οἱ μὲν ἀντὶ τῶν ἰάμβων κωμῳδοποιοὶ ἐγένοντο, οἱ δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν ἐπῶν τραγῳδοδιδάσκαλοι, διὰ τὸ μείζω καὶ ἐντιμότερα τὰ σχήματα εἶναι ταῦτα ἐκείνων. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐπισκοπεῖν εἰ ἄρα ἔχει ἤδη ἡ τραγῳδία τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἱκανῶς ἢ οὔ, αὐτό τε καθ’ αὑτὸ κρῖναι καὶ πρὸς τὰ θέατρα, ἄλλος λόγος.
Once tragedy and comedy had appeared, those who were drawn to each kind of poetry according to their own nature became, in place of iambic poets, comic poets, and in place of epic poets, tragic teachers, because these forms were grander and more highly esteemed than the former. Now, whether tragedy has already developed sufficiently in its forms or not, judged both in itself and in relation to the theaters, is another question.
γενομένη δ’ οὖν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς αὐτοσχεδιαστικῆς — καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ἡ κωμῳδία, καὶ ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐξαρχόντων τὸν διθύραμβον, ἡ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τὰ φαλλικὰ ἃ ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐν πολλαῖς τῶν πόλεων διαμένει νομιζόμενα — κατὰ μικρὸν ηὐξήθη προαγόντων ὅσον ἐγίγνετο φανερὸν αὐτῆς·
In any case, having arisen at first from an improvisational origin—both tragedy and comedy, the former from those who led off the dithyramb, the latter from those who led off the phallic songs which even now remain customary in many of our cities—tragedy grew little by little, as they developed whatever aspect of it became manifest.
καὶ πολλὰς μεταβολὰς μεταβαλοῦσα ἡ τραγῳδία ἐπαύσατο, ἐπεὶ ἔσχε τὴν αὑτῆς φύσιν.
And after undergoing many changes, tragedy stopped changing when it attained its own natural form.
καὶ τό τε τῶν ὑποκριτῶν πλῆθος ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς δύο πρῶτος Αἰσχύλος ἤγαγε καὶ τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ ἠλάττωσε καὶ τὸν λόγον πρωταγωνιστεῖν παρεσκεύασεν· τρεῖς δὲ καὶ σκηνογραφίαν Σοφοκλῆς.
And Aeschylus was the first to increase the number of actors from one to two; he also diminished the parts of the chorus and made the spoken dialogue play the leading role; and Sophocles introduced three actors and scene-painting.
ἔτι δὲ τὸ μέγεθος· ἐκ μικρῶν μύθων καὶ λέξεως γελοίας διὰ τὸ ἐκ σατυρικοῦ μεταβαλεῖν ὀψὲ ἀπεσεμνύνθη, τό τε μέτρον ἐκ τετραμέτρου ἰαμβεῖον ἐγένετο.
And further, as for its magnitude: starting from short plots and ridiculous diction, because of its changing from a satyr-play style, it was only late that it acquired solemnity, and its meter changed from tetrameter to iambic.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτον τετραμέτρῳ ἐχρῶντο διὰ τὸ σατυρικὴν καὶ ὀρχηστικωτέραν εἶναι τὴν ποίησιν, λέξεως δὲ γενομένης αὐτὴ ἡ φύσις τὸ οἰκεῖον μέτρον εὗρε· μάλιστα γὰρ λεκτικὸν τῶν μέτρων τὸ ἰαμβεῖόν ἐστιν· σημεῖον δὲ τούτου, πλεῖστα γὰρ ἰαμβεῖα λέγομεν ἐν τῇ διαλέκτῳ τῇ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἑξάμετρα δὲ ὀλιγάκις καὶ ἐκβαίνοντες τῆς λεκτικῆς ἁρμονίας.
For at first they used the tetrameter because the poetry was satyric and more dance-like, but when spoken diction arose, nature itself found the appropriate meter; for the iambic is the most conversational of meters. Evidence of this is that we speak very many iambics in our conversation with one another, but hexameters only rarely, and when we depart from the harmony of conversational speech.
ἔτι δὲ ἐπεισοδίων πλήθη. καὶ τὰ ἄλλ’ ὡς ἕκαστα κοσμηθῆναι λέγεται ἔστω ἡμῖν εἰρημένα·
And further, regarding the number of episodes. And as for the other things, how each is said to have been embellished, let them be taken as already discussed;
πολὺ γὰρ ἂν ἴσως ἔργον εἴη διεξιέναι καθ’ ἕκαστον.
for it would perhaps be a vast task to go through them in detail.
- 1448b5ὅτι μιμητικώτατόν ἐστι
The clause introduced by the conjunction ὅτι explains the demonstrative pronoun in the dative, τούτῳ ("in this"). The superlative μιμητικώτατόν is a neuter nominative adjective referring to the subject (humanity), with a substantivized noun like ζῷον ("animal") understood.
- 1448b15ὅτι οὗτος ἐκεῖνος
A nominal sentence meaning "this is that person/thing," where the copula ἐστίν is omitted. It expresses the intellectual process of identifying the subject of a visual imitation (e.g., a portrait) with the actual person.
- 1448b20κατὰ φύσιν δὲ ὄντος ἡμῖν τοῦ μιμεῖσθαι καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας καὶ τοῦ ῥυθμοῦ
A genitive absolute construction expressing the cause or reason for the main clause. The present participle ὄντος (neuter singular genitive) agrees in number with the first of the coordinated subjects, τοῦ μιμεῖσθαι ("imitation").
- 1449a1οἱ ἐφ’ ἑκατέραν τὴν ποίησιν ὁρμῶντες
The preposition ἐπί with the accusative (ἑκατέραν τὴν ποίησιν) expresses direction or inclination ("toward either poetry"). Together with the participle ὁρμῶντες ("rushing, striving"), it describes the natural inclination of poets toward one of the two forms of drama.