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Phaedrus

§235

Criticism of Lysias and Promise of a Better Speech

Socrates criticizes Lysias' speech for being repetitive in content despite its stylistic polish, and claims that, inspired by the wisdom of ancient poets and writers, he can deliver a far superior speech on the same subject.

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§235

ΣΩ. τί δέ; καὶ ταύτῃ δεῖ ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ τε καὶ σοῦ τὸν λόγον ἐπαινεθῆναι, ὡς τὰ δέοντα εἰρηκότος τοῦ ποιητοῦ,1 ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐκείνῃ μόνον, ὅτι σαφῆ καὶ στρογγύλα, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἕκαστα τῶν ὀνομάτων ἀποτετόρνευται; εἰ γὰρ δεῖ, συγχωρητέον χάριν σήν,2 ἐπεὶ ἐμέ γε ἔλαθεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμῆς οὐδενίας· τῷ γὰρ ῥητορικῷ αὐτοῦ μόνῳ τὸν νοῦν προσεῖχον, τοῦτο δὲ οὐδʼ ἂν αὐτὸν ᾤμην Λυσίαν οἴεσθαι ἱκανὸν εἶναι.3 καὶ οὖν μοι ἔδοξεν, ὦ Φαῖδρε, εἰ μή τι σὺ ἄλλο λέγεις, δὶς καὶ τρὶς τὰ αὐτὰ εἰρηκέναι, ὡς οὐ πάνυ εὐπορῶν τοῦ πολλὰ λέγειν περὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ, ἢ ἴσως οὐδὲν αὐτῷ μέλον τοῦ τοιούτου· καὶ ἐφαίνετο δή μοι νεανιεύεσθαι ἐπιδεικνύμενος ὡς οἷός τε ὢν ταὐτὰ ἑτέρως τε καὶ ἑτέρως λέγων ἀμφοτέρως εἰπεῖν ἄριστα. ΦΑΙ. οὐδὲν λέγεις, ὦ Σώκρατες· αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ μάλιστα ὁ λόγος ἔχει. τῶν γὰρ ἐνόντων ἀξίως ῥηθῆναι ἐν τῷ πράγματι οὐδὲν παραλέλοιπεν, ὥστε παρὰ τὰ ἐκείνῳ εἰρημένα μηδένʼ ἄν ποτε δύνασθαι εἰπεῖν ἄλλα πλείω καὶ πλείονος ἄξια. ΣΩ. τοῦτο ἐγώ σοι οὐκέτι οἷός τʼ ἔσομαι πιθέσθαι· παλαιοὶ γὰρ καὶ σοφοὶ ἄνδρες τε καὶ γυναῖκες περὶ αὐτῶν εἰρηκότες καὶ γεγραφότες ἐξελέγξουσί με, ἐάν σοι χαριζόμενος συγχωρῶ. ΦΑΙ. τίνες οὗτοι; καὶ ποῦ σὺ βελτίω τούτων ἀκήκοας; ΣΩ. νῦν μὲν οὕτως οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν· δῆλον δὲ ὅτι τινῶν ἀκήκοα, ἤ που Σαπφοῦς τῆς καλῆς ἢ Ἀνακρέοντος τοῦ σοφοῦ ἢ καὶ συγγραφέων τινῶν. πόθεν δὴ τεκμαιρόμενος λέγω; πλῆρές πως, ὦ δαιμόνιε, τὸ στῆθος ἔχων αἰσθάνομαι παρὰ ταῦτα ἂν ἔχειν εἰπεῖν ἕτερα μὴ χείρω.4 ὅτι μὲν οὖν παρά γε ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδὲν αὐτῶν ἐννενόηκα, εὖ οἶδα, συνειδὼς ἐμαυτῷ ἀμαθίαν· λείπεται δὴ οἶμαι ἐξ ἀλλοτρίων ποθὲν ναμάτων διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς πεπληρῶσθαί με δίκην ἀγγείου.5 ὑπὸ δὲ νωθείας αὖ καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐπιλέλησμαι, ὅπως τε καὶ ὧντινων ἤκουσα. ΦΑΙ. ἀλλʼ, ὦ γενναιότατε, κάλλιστα εἴρηκας. σὺ γὰρ ἐμοὶ ὧντινων μὲν καὶ ὅπως ἤκουσας μηδʼ ἂν κελεύω εἴπῃς,6 τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ ὃ λέγεις ποίησον· τῶν ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ βελτίω τε καὶ μὴ ἐλάττω ἕτερα ὑπέσχησαι εἰπεῖν τούτων ἀπεχόμενος, καί σοι ἐγώ, ὥσπερ οἱ ἐννέα ἄρχοντες, ὑπισχνοῦμαι χρυσῆν εἰκόνα ἰσομέτρητον εἰς Δελφοὺς ἀναθήσειν, οὐ μόνον ἐμαυτοῦ ἀλλὰ καὶ σήν.

​SOCRATES: What indeed? Must the speech be praised by both you and me in this respect, on the ground that the author has said what is necessary, and not only in that respect, because the words are clear and well-rounded, and each of the words is precisely turned as on a lathe? For if we must do so, it must be conceded for your sake, since it escaped me because of my own insignificance; for I was paying attention only to his rhetoric, and as for this, I would not have thought that Lysias himself would consider it sufficient. And so it seemed to me, Phaedrus, unless you say otherwise, that he has said the same things twice and thrice, as if he were not very well-stocked with resources to say many things on the same subject, or perhaps caring nothing for such a thing; and indeed he seemed to me to be showing off, displaying that he is able to say the same things in different ways, and to speak best in both ways. PHAEDRUS: You are talking nonsense, Socrates; for this is the very thing the speech has most of all. For of the things that are in the subject and worthy to be said, he has omitted nothing, so that no one could ever say other things more abundant and of more value than those said by him. SOCRATES: In this I shall no longer be able to agree with you; for ancient and wise men and women, who have spoken and written about these things, will refute me if I concede it to gratify you. PHAEDRUS: Who are these? And where have you heard better things than these? SOCRATES: At the moment I cannot say so offhand; but it is clear that I have heard it from some people, perhaps from the beautiful Sappho, or the wise Anacreon, or even from some prose writers. On what ground do I say this? Somehow, my divine friend, I feel my chest full, so that I would have other things to say not worse than these, differing from them. Now, that I have thought of none of them from myself, I know well, being conscious of my own ignorance; it remains then, I think, that from some foreign streams, through hearing, I have been filled like a vessel. But because of my sluggishness, I have in turn forgotten this very thing, both how and from whom I heard it. PHAEDRUS: But, most noble friend, you have spoken most excellently. For do not tell me from whom and how you heard it, even if I bid you, but do this very thing which you say; you have promised to say other things better than and not fewer than those in the book, keeping away from them, and I promise you, like the nine archons, to set up a golden statue of equal measure at Delphi, not only of myself but also of you.

Syntax notes6 items
  1. 235ὡς τὰ δέοντα εἰρηκότος τοῦ ποιητοῦ

    A genitive absolute construction with the conjunction ὡς. The noun ποιητής here refers not to a poet, but to the 'maker' or 'author' of the speech (Lysias). The particle ὡς indicates a subjective reason ('on the ground that...').

  2. 235χάριν σήν

    The accusative singular χάριν of the noun χάρις (favor, grace) governs a genitive (here the possessive adjective σήν, 'your') and is used adverbially to mean 'for your sake' or 'to gratify you.'

  3. 235aοὐδʼ ἂν αὐτὸν ᾤμην Λυσίαν οἴεσθαι ἱκανὸν εἶναι

    The particle ἂν goes with the main verb ᾤμην, expressing a past counterfactual or potential statement ('I would not have thought...'). The object of ᾤμην is the accusative-with-infinitive clause [αὐτὸν Λυσίαν οἴεσθαι ἱκανὸν εἶναι] ('that Lysias himself thought it to be sufficient'), resulting in a nested structure of two verbs of thinking.

  4. 235cπαρὰ ταῦτα ἂν ἔχειν εἰπεῖν ἕτερα μὴ χείρω

    An infinitive clause functioning as the complement of the verb of perception αἰσθάνομαι ('I feel'). The construction of ἂν with the infinitive ἔχειν represents the potential optative ἂν ἔχοιμι ('I would be able to have') of an independent clause. The preposition παρὰ here means 'contrary to' or 'other than' these things.

  5. 235dδίκην ἀγγείου

    The accusative form δίκην of the noun δίκη (custom, usage) is used adverbially, governing a genitive (ἀγγείου, 'of a vessel') to function as a prepositional phrase meaning 'like' or 'in the manner of.'

  6. 235dμηδʼ ἂν κελεύω εἴπῃς

    A combination of the negative conjunction μηδέ and the conditional conjunction ἐάν (here written as ἂν), forming μηδ' ἂν, which with the subjunctive (κελεύω) introduces a concessive condition ('not even if I bid you'). The verb εἴπῃς is an aorist subjunctive expressing a prohibition with μηδέ.

Translated by Gemini 3.5 Flash (published 2026-05-22)urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg012.humanitext-grc2:235