- Source
- Herodotus. Godley, Alfred Denis, editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1920-1925 (printing).
- Translation
- AI-generated (gemini-3.5-flash) — machine translation; may contain errors
- Languages
- 日本語 · English · 简体中文 · 한국어
- CTS URN
- urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.203.1-1.203.2
- Generated
- Humanitext Reader · reader.humanitext.ai · 2026-11-02
The author explains that the Caspian Sea is an isolated body of water, describing its dimensions, and details the unusual customs of the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus Mountains to its west.
ἡ δὲ Κασπίη θάλασσα ἐστὶ ἐπʼ ἑωυτῆς, οὐ συμμίσγουσα τῇ ἑτέρῃ θαλάσσῃ. τὴν μὲν γὰρ Ἕλληνες ναυτίλλονται πᾶσα καὶ ἡ ἔξω στηλέων θάλασσα ἡ Ἀτλαντὶς καλεομένη καὶ ἡ Ἐρυθρὴ μία ἐοῦσα τυγχάνει. ἡ δὲ Κασπίη ἐστὶ ἑτέρη ἐπʼ ἑωυτῆς, ἐοῦσα μῆκος μὲν πλόου εἰρεσίῃ χρεωμένῳ1 πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμερέων, εὖρος δέ, τῇ εὐρυτάτη ἐστὶ αὐτὴ ἑωυτῆς, ὀκτὼ ἡμερέων. καὶ τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέρην φέροντα τῆς θαλάσσης ταύτης ὁ Καύκασος παρατείνει, ἐὸν2 ὀρέων καὶ πλήθεϊ μέγιστον καὶ μεγάθεϊ ὑψηλότατον. ἔθνεα δὲ ἀνθρώπων πολλὰ καὶ παντοῖα ἐν ἑωυτῷ ἔχει ὁ Καύκασος, τὰ πολλὰ πάντα ἀπʼ ὕλης ἀγρίης ζώοντα·
The Caspian Sea is a sea by itself, having no connection with the other sea. For all that sea which the Greeks navigate, and the sea outside the Pillars called Atlantis, and the Erythraean Sea, happen to be all one. But the Caspian is a different sea by itself, being in length a fifteen days’ voyage for a rowboat, and in width, where it is at its widest, an eight days’ voyage. Along the western side of this sea the Caucasus stretches, which is of all mountain ranges both the greatest in extent and the highest in height. The Caucasus contains within itself many and various nations of men, most of whom live entirely on the wild forest products.
ἐν τοῖσι καὶ δένδρεα φύλλα τοιῆσδε ἰδέης παρεχόμενα εἶναι λέγεται, τὰ3 τρίβοντάς τε καὶ παραμίσγοντας ὕδωρ ζῷα ἑωυτοῖσι ἐς τὴν ἐσθῆτα ἐγγράφειν· τὰ δὲ ζῷα οὐκ ἐκπλύνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ συγκαταγηράσκειν τῷ ἄλλῳ εἰρίῳ κατὰ περ ἐνυφανθέντα ἀρχήν. μῖξιν δὲ τούτων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ἐμφανέα κατὰ περ τοῖσι προβάτοισι.
Among these nations, it is said that there are also trees bearing leaves of such a nature that the people, by rubbing them and mixing them with water, paint the figures of animals upon their garments; and these figures are not washed out, but grow old with the rest of the wool, just as if they had been woven into it from the beginning. Moreover, the sexual intercourse of these people is performed openly, like that of cattle.
- 1.203.1εἰρεσίῃ χρεωμένῳ
The dative singular present participle χρεωμένῳ functions as a dative of reference or relation, indicating the standard of measurement: 'for one employing rowing.'
- 1.203.1ἐὸν
Although modifying the masculine noun ὁ Καύκασος, the neuter singular participle ἐόν (along with μέγιστον and ὑψηλότατον) is used through a 'concord of sense' (concordia ad sensum), with the neuter noun ὄρος (mountain) in mind.
- 1.203.2τὰ
A relative pronoun in the neuter plural accusative, referring back to φύλλα (leaves). It functions as the direct object within the accusative and infinitive construction governed by λέγεται, governed both by the infinitive ἐγγράφειν and the participles τρίβοντας and παраμίσγοντας (which agree with the implied subject 'the people' in the accusative).
Translated by Gemini 3.5 Flash (published 2026-05-25) · Revision history (1, latest 2026-09-21)
- 2026-09-21 AI review — source 1